Editing Maundy Thursday (section)

== Names ==

Use of the names "Maundy Thursday", "Holy Thursday", and others is not evenly distributed. The generally accepted name for the day varies according to geographical area and religious affiliation. Thus, although in England "Maundy Thursday" is the normal term, the term "Holy Thursday" is more commonly used in Ireland, Scotland, Canada and the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-14 |title=Maundy Thursday 2022 Messages, Quotes & Bible Verses: Send Jesus Christ Wallpapers, HD Images, Holy Thursday Pics, Telegram Photos & Sayings on the Day Before Good Friday {{!}} 🙏🏻 LatestLY |url=https://www.latestly.com/lifestyle/festivals-events/maundy-thursday-2022-messages-quotes-bible-verses-send-jesus-christ-wallpapers-hd-images-holy-thursday-pics-telegram-photos-sayings-on-the-day-before-good-friday-3579279.html |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=LatestLY |language=en}}</ref> The latter is the official name used in English by the [[Catholic Church]] in England and Wales.<ref name="GIRM" />

The ''[[Book of Common Prayer]]'' of the [[Church of England]], which is the mother Church of the [[Anglican Communion]], uses the name "Maundy Thursday" for this observance.<ref name=Table>{{cite web|url=http://www.churchofengland.org/media/877842/5-table-vigils-fasts.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512224042/http://www.churchofengland.org/media/877842/5-table-vigils-fasts.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 May 2014|title=A Table of the Vigils, Fasts and Days of Abstinence to be observed in the year|publisher=[[Church of England]]|language=en|access-date=21 March 2016}}</ref> The corresponding publication of the [[United States|US]] [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopal Church]], which is another province of the Anglican Communion, also refers to the Thursday before Easter as "Maundy Thursday".<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.episcopalchurch.org/sites/default/files/downloads/book_of_common_prayer.pdf | title = The Calendar of the Church Year | page = 17}}</ref> Throughout the Anglican Communion, the term "Holy Thursday" is a synonym for [[Feast of the Ascension|Ascension Day]].<ref name=Table/><ref name=Forster>{{Cite book|url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_F2K4iE_VTC0C|page = [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_F2K4iE_VTC0C/page/n402 377]|title = Circle of the Seasons, and Perpetual key to the Calendar and Almanack|publisher =[[Oxford University Press]]|author=Thomas Ignatius M. Forster|year=1828|quote=Holy Thursday or Ascension Day. Festum Ascensionis. Le Jeudi Saint d' Ascension.|access-date = 1 April 2012}}</ref><ref name=Soane>{{Cite book|url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_6V4vAD0m57sC|page = [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_6V4vAD0m57sC/page/n302 275]|title = New Curiosities of Literature and Book of the Months|publisher =Churton|author=George Soane|author-link=George Soane|year=1847|quote=Ascension Day, or Holy Thursday. This, as the name implies, is the anniversary of Christ's Ascension.|access-date = 1 April 2012}}</ref>

The [[Roman Rite]] of the [[Catholic Church]] uses the name "Holy Thursday" in its modern English-language liturgical books.<ref name="GIRM">{{cite web|url = http://www.liturgyoffice.org.uk/Resources/GIRM/Documents/GIRM.pdf| title = General Instruction of the Roman Missal, with adaptations for England and Wales|publisher = Catholic Bishops' Conference of England & Wales|access-date = 11 April 2009}}</ref> The Latin books use the name {{Lang|la|Feria quinta in Cena Domini}} ("Thursday of the Supper of the Lord"; the [[medieval Latin|medieval]] spelling ''[[wikt:coena#Latin|Cœna]]'' was used in place of ''[[wikt:cena#Latin|Cena]]'' in documents predating the 1955 decree [[Liturgical reforms of Pope Pius XII|Maxima redemptionis]]), along with Maundy Thursday as the English name, as given in ''The Saint Andrew Daily Missal''.<ref name="Lefebvre1999">{{cite book |last1=Lefebvre |first1=Dom Gaspare |title=The Saint Andrew Daily Missal |date=1999 |publisher=St. Bonaventure Publications |pages=532–533 |language=English}}</ref> The [[personal ordinariate]]s in the Catholic Church, which have an Anglican patrimony, retain the traditional English term "Maundy Thursday", however.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ordinariate.org.uk/cmsAdmin/uploads/holy-week-and-easter-with-the-ordinariate-in-london_001.pdf|title=Holy Week and Easter with the Ordinariate in London|year=2014|publisher=[[Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham]]|language=en|access-date=21 March 2016}}</ref> An article in the 1911 ''[[Catholic Encyclopedia]]'' used the term "Maundy Thursday",<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10068a.htm|title=Maundy Thursday (Holy Thursday)|year=2009|encyclopedia=Catholic Encyclopedia|publisher=New Advent|access-date=5 April 2014}}</ref> and some Catholic writers use the same term either primarily,<ref name="Authors2008">{{cite book|title=Mariology: A Guide for Priests, Deacons, Seminarians, and Consecrated Persons|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ez0VRbQi1i4C&pg=PA659|access-date=5 April 2014|year=2008|publisher=Mark I. Miravalle, S.T.D.|isbn=978-1579183554|page=659|quote=The season of Lent prepares the Church for the celebration of the Paschal Mystery during the sacred Triduum of Maundy Thursday, Good Friday, and Holy Saturday.}}</ref> or alternatively.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ncregister.com/blog/jimmy-akin/10-things-you-need-to-know-about-holy-thursday|title=10 things you need to know about Holy Thursday|last=Akin|first=Jimmy|date=27 March 2013|newspaper=National Catholic Register|access-date=5 April 2014|quote=Holy Thursday is thus sometimes called Maundy Thursday because it was on this day that Christ gave us the new commandment{{snd}}the new mandate{{snd}}to love one another as he loves us.}}</ref>

The Methodist ''[[Book of Worship for Church and Home (1965)|Book of Worship for Church and Home]]'' (1965) uses the term "Maundy Thursday";<ref name="BOW1964">{{cite book|title=The Book of Worship for Church and Home: With Orders of Worship, Services for the Administration of the Sacraments and Other Aids to Worship According to the Usages of the Methodist Church|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ckw6vgAACAAJ|access-date=25 March 2017|year=1964|publisher=Methodist Publishing House|language=en |pages=102}}</ref> the ''[[The United Methodist Book of Worship (1992)|Book of Worship]]'' (1992) uses the term "Holy Thursday",<ref name="UMBW">{{cite web|url = http://www.gbod.org/worship/default.asp?act=reader&item_id=8893&loc_id=733| title = United Methodist Book of Worship: Scripture Readings listed according to the Books of the Bible |publisher = General Board of Discipleship, The United Methodist Church|access-date = 11 April 2009}}</ref> and other official sources of the [[United Methodist Church]] use both "Maundy Thursday"<ref name="UMC GBOD-Maundy Thursday">{{cite web|url = http://www.gbod.org/worship/default.asp?act=reader&item_id=1850&loc_id=1,32,49| title = Holy Week Service for Midweek, Maundy Thursday, or Good Friday|publisher = United Methodist Church |access-date = 5 April 2009}}</ref> and "Holy Thursday".<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.gbod.org/worship/preaching/articles.asp?act=reader&item_id=7701&loc_id=1,32,49|title = Preaching Helps for Holy Thursday, Year B (April 17, 2003)|publisher = United Methodist Church|access-date = 13 April 2009|archive-date = 16 April 2009|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090416201748/http://www.gbod.org/worship/preaching/articles.asp?act=reader&item_id=7701&loc_id=1,32,49|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.gbod.org/worship/worship/articles.asp?act=reader&item_id=10486&loc_id=9,32,49,975|title = Worship Planning Helps for Holy Thursday (April 8, 2004)|publisher = United Methodist Church|access-date = 13 April 2009|archive-date = 16 April 2009|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090416201806/http://www.gbod.org/worship/worship/articles.asp?act=reader&item_id=10486&loc_id=9,32,49,975|url-status = dead}}</ref>

Both names are used by other [[Christian denominations]] as well, including the [[Lutheranism|Lutheran Church]],<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.historictrinity.org/maundythursday.html|title = Maundy Thursday|publisher = Historic Trinity Lutheran Church, Detroit|access-date = 11 April 2009|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090219215450/http://historictrinity.org/maundythursday.html|archive-date = 19 February 2009|url-status = dead|df = dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.thelutheran.org/article/article_buy.cfm?article_id=7022 |title = Counting. A little history of how '40 Days of Lent' came to be |publisher = The Lutheran, the magazine of the [[Evangelical Lutheran Church in America]] |access-date = 11 April 2009 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090417163128/http://www.thelutheran.org/article/article_buy.cfm?article_id=7022 |archive-date = 17 April 2009 |df = dmy-all }}</ref> and certain [[Reformed Church]]es.<ref name="RCA-Maundy Thursday">{{cite web|url = http://www.rca.org/Page.aspx?pid=2615| title = Maundy Thursday|publisher = Reformed Church in America (RCA)|access-date = 11 April 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.reformatus.us/liturgy/hungarian-reformed-church-calendar-2009-year-of-the-reformer-john-calvin/ | title = Calendar 2009 Year of the Reformer John Calvin|publisher = The Hungarian Reformed Church in the US and Diaspora|access-date = 11 April 2009}}</ref><ref name="Calendar">{{cite web|url = http://suydamstreetreformedchurch.org/calander_mar2008|title = Calendar|publisher = Suydam Street Reformed Church|access-date = 11 April 2009|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110511025137/http://suydamstreetreformedchurch.org/calander_mar2008|archive-date = 11 May 2011|df = dmy-all}}</ref> Certain [[Presbyterian Church]]es use the term "Maundy Thursday" to refer to the holy day in their official sources.<ref name="Calendar"/><ref>{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=XFuxHoWQKsEC&q=Maundy+Thursday+Presbyterian&pg=PA75| title = The Presbyterian Handbook|publisher = [[Geneva Press]]|access-date = 1 April 2012|quote=These days (approximately three 24-hour periods) begin on Maundy Thursday evening and conclude on Easter evening. On Maundy Thursday we hear the story of Jesus' last meal with his disciples and his act of service and love in washing their feet.|year=2006|page=75| isbn = 9780664502881}}</ref>

In the [[Byzantine Rite]] the name for the holy day is "Great and Holy Thursday"<ref name="EOC-Name">{{cite web|url = http://lent.goarch.org/holy_thursday/learn/| title = Great and Holy Thursday|publisher = Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America|access-date = 5 April 2009}}</ref> or "Holy Thursday",<ref name="McKinney">{{cite web|url = http://www.orthodox.net/greatlent/| title = Great Lent: Theology, Homilies, Services, Resources |publisher = St Nicholas Russian Orthodox Church, McKinney (Dallas area) Texas |access-date = 12 April 2009}}</ref><ref name="Metropolitan Philip">{{cite web|url = http://www.antiochian.org/midwest/Articles/Development_of_Holy_Week_Services.htm|title = The Historical Development of Holy Week Services in the Orthodox/Byzantine Rite|publisher = Antiochan Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America|access-date = 12 April 2009|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111026185059/http://www.antiochian.org/midwest/Articles/Development_of_Holy_Week_Services.htm|archive-date = 26 October 2011|url-status = dead|df = dmy-all}}</ref> and in [[Western Rite Orthodoxy]] "Maundy Thursday",<ref name="Western Orthodox-Maundy">{{cite web|url = http://www.westernorthodox.com/stmark/bulletin/bulletin_040509.PDF|title = Saint Mark's Church: An Antiochian Orthodox Parish in the Western Rite Tradition|publisher = Western Orthodox|access-date = 11 April 2009|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110511025200/http://www.westernorthodox.com/stmark/bulletin/bulletin_040509.PDF|archive-date = 11 May 2011|df = dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Western Orthodox CA-Maundy">{{cite web|url = http://www.westernorthodox.ca/files/Christminster_Calendar_2009_2.pdf|title = Oratory of Our Lady of Glastonbury: Western Rite Orthodox Outreach to Southern Ontario|publisher = Oratory of Our Lady of Glastonbury|access-date = 11 April 2009|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200830231130/http://www.westernorthodox.ca/files/Christminster_Calendar_2009_2.pdf|archive-date = 30 August 2020|df = dmy-all}}</ref> "Holy Thursday"<ref name="Basil">{{cite web|url = http://www.reu.org/public/liturgys/litidx.htm| title = Orthodox Liturgical Index|publisher = The Society of Clerks Secular of Saint Basil|access-date = 12 April 2009}}</ref> or both.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://holyincarnation.org/pub/Lent-Easter%202009.pdf|title = Lent|publisher = Holy Incarnation Orthodox Church|access-date = 12 April 2009|archive-date = 15 May 2011|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110515071146/http://holyincarnation.org/pub/Lent-Easter%202009.pdf|url-status = dead}}</ref> The [[Coptic Orthodox Church]] uses the term "Covenant Thursday" or "Thursday of the Covenant".<ref>{{cite book | last=Malan | first=Solomon Caesar | title=The Divine Liturgy of Saint Mark the Evangelist | location=London | publisher=D. Nutt | series=Original documents of the Coptic Church | year=1872 | url=https://archive.org/details/divineliturgysa00malagoog | access-date=4 April 2017 | page=[https://archive.org/details/divineliturgysa00malagoog/page/n63 55]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Butler | first=Alfred J. | title=The Ancient Coptic Churches of Egypt | location=Oxford, UK | publisher=Clarendon Press | volume=2 | year=1884 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vgE4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA350 | access-date=4 April 2017 | page=350}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Abdennour | first=Samia | title=Egyptian customs and Festivals | location=Cairo | publisher=American University in Cairo Press | year=2007 | isbn=978-977-416-060-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZlwnDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA89 | access-date=4 April 2017 | page=89}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=History of Making the Holy Chrism in the Coptic Orthodox Church since Pope Athanasius (326–378) until Pope Shenouda the 3rd (1971– )|work=[[Hallesche Beiträge zur Orientwissenschaft]] |issn=0233-2205 |publisher=Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg |year=2007 |page=29 |url=http://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/ssg/content/pageview/641932}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Dunne |first=Agnese |title=The Thursday of the Covenant |work=Jubilee: A Magazine of the Church & Her People |volume=5 |year=1957 |pages=4–5 |publisher=A.M.D.G. Publishing Company |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bm1EAQAAIAAJ&q=covenant+thursday}}</ref>

In the [[Maronite Church]]<ref>{{cite web  |url=http://www.stgeorgesa.org/Thursday%20of%20the%20Mysteries.htm | title = Liturgical Notes: Thursday of Mysteries | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120313035123/http://www.stgeorgesa.org/Thursday%20of%20the%20Mysteries.htm |access-date=13 March 2012 | archive-date = 13 March 2012 }}</ref> and the [[Syriac Orthodox Church]],<ref>{{cite web|author=Thomas Joseph |url=http://sor.cua.edu/Calendar/index.html |title=Liturgical Calendar of the Syriac Orthodox Church |publisher=Sor.cua.edu |access-date=13 August 2013}}</ref> the name is "Thursday of Mysteries".

"Maundy Thursday" is the official name of the day in the civil legislation of England<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si2001/20011310.htm|title = The Local Authorities (Referendums) (Petitions and Directions) (England) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2001|publisher = United Kingdom Office of Public Sector Information| access-date = 11 April 2009}}</ref> and the Philippines.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2007/07/24/republic-act-no-9492/ |title=Republic Act No. 9492 |date=24 July 2007 |publisher=Philippine Government |access-date=26 January 2009}}</ref>

The day has also been known in English as ''Shere Thursday'' (also spelled ''Sheer Thursday''), from the word ''shere'' (meaning "clean" or "bright").<ref name="Sheer">{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=dpXNAAAAMAAJ&q=maundy&pg=PA369| title = Maundy Thursday and Good Friday|author=Charles Dickens|author-link=Charles Dickens| year = 1889|publisher = [[Sine nomine]]|access-date = 22 March 2012|quote=Maundy Thursday is the day immediately preceding Good Friday. It was also known as Shere Thursday, probably from a custom of the priests, who on this day are said to have shaved themselves and trimmed their hair, which had been allowed to grow during the preceding six weeks. An old chronicle says 'people would this day shere theyr hedes, and clypp theyr berdes, and so make them honest against Easter Day.'}}</ref> This name might refer to the act of cleaning, or to the fact that churches would switch [[liturgical colors]] from the dark tones of [[Lent]], or because it was customary to shear the beard on that day,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.catholic-forum.com/saints/ncd05187.htm |title=New Catholic Dictionary |publisher=Catholic-forum.com |access-date=13 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021125848/http://www.catholic-forum.com/saints/ncd05187.htm |archive-date=21 October 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> or for a combination of reasons.<ref>"The old English name for Maundy Thursday was 'Sheer Thursday', when the penitents obtained absolution, trimmed their hair and beards, and washed in preparation for Easter" ({{cite web |url= http://www.katolikus.hu/hun-saints/margaret.html | title = Hungarian Saints | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080305212020/http://www.katolikus.hu/hun-saints/margaret.html |access-date=5 March 2008 | archive-date = 5 March 2008 }}).</ref> This name has cognates in the Nordic languages, such as Danish {{Lang|sv|skærtorsdag}}, Swedish {{Lang|sv|skärtorsdag}}, Norwegian {{Lang|no|skjærtorsdag}}, Faroese {{Lang|fo|skírhósdagur}} and {{Lang|fo|skírisdagur}}, Icelandic {{Lang|is|skírdagur}}, and Finnish {{Lang|fi|kiirastorstai}}.
{{Clear}}

=== Derivation of the name "Maundy" ===
[[File:Maundy Thursday 07 washing feet diocese St Asaph.jpg|thumb|Maundy ceremony in a [[Church in Wales]] parish church during a Maundy Thursday [[Church service|service of worship]]]]
''[[Footwashing|Maundy]]'' is the name of the Christian rite of footwashing,<ref name="Bower2003">{{cite book|title = The Companion to the Book of Common Worship|author=Peter C. Bower|publisher = [[Geneva Press]]|quote=Maundy Thursday (or ''le mandé''; Thursday of the ''Mandatum'', Latin, commandment). The name is taken from the first few words sung at the ceremony of the washing of the feet, 'I give you a new commandment' (John 13:34); also from the commandment of Christ that we should imitate His loving humility in the washing of the feet (John 13:14–17). The term ''mandatum'' (maundy), therefore, was applied to the rite of foot-washing on this day.}}</ref> which traditionally occurs during Maundy Thursday church services.<ref name="Bower2003"/>

The English word ''[[wikt:maundy|maundy]]'' in the name for the day is derived through [[Middle English]] and [[Old French]] ''mandé'', from the [[Latin]] {{Lang|la|mandatum}} (also the origin of the English word "mandate"), the first word of the phrase "''Mandatum novum do vobis ut diligatis invicem sicut dilexi vos''" ("A new commandment I give to you: That you love one another, as I have loved you.") By this statement in [[John 13|chapter 13 of the Gospel of John]],  Jesus explained to the Apostles the significance of his action of washing their feet.

The phrase is used as the [[antiphon]] sung in the [[Roman Rite]] during the Maundy ([[Ecclesiastical Latin]]: "Mandatum") ceremony of the washing of the feet, which may be held during Mass or as a separate event. A priest or bishop, representing Christ, ceremonially washes the feet of others, typically 12 persons chosen as a cross-section of the community. In 2016, it was announced that the [[Roman Missal]] had been revised to allow women to participate as part of the 12 in the Mandatum. Previously, only males partook of the rite.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/01/21/world/pope-francis-women-ritual/|title=Pope Francis changes foot-washing rite to include women|author=Daniel Burke|date=21 January 2016|work=CNN}}</ref>

Others theorize that the English name "Maundy Thursday" arose from "maunds" or baskets or "maundy purses" of alms which the king of England distributed to certain poor at Whitehall before attending Mass on that day.  Thus, "maund" is connected to the Latin {{Lang|la|mendicare}}, and French {{Lang|fr|mendier}}, to beg.<ref name=Schaff>{{cite web | url = http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/hcc3.iii.x.v.html | author = Philip Schaff | title = History of the Christian Church | work = Christian Classics Ethereal Library  | volume =III}}</ref>

A source from the Shepherd of the Springs, Lutheran Church likewise states that, if the name was derived from the Latin ''{{Lang|la|mandatum}}'', we would call the day Mandy Thursday, or Mandate Thursday, or even Mandatum Thursday. The term "Maundy" comes from the Latin ''{{Lang|la|mendicare}}'', Old French {{Lang|fro|mendier}}, and English ''maund'', which as a verb means to beg and as a noun refers to a small basket held out by maunders as they maunded.<ref>{{cite web | title = Shepherd of the Springs, Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod |url=http://www.sslc-cos.org/sermons06/lent_maundy.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416232617/http://www.sslc-cos.org/sermons06/lent_maundy.htm |access-date=16 April 2009 |archive-date=16 April 2009 }}</ref> Other sources reject this etymology.<ref name="Langland">{{cite book | last1=Langland | first1=W. | last2=Skeat | first2=W.W. | title=The Vision of William Concerning Piers the Plowman: In Three Parallel Texts; Together with Richard the Redeless | publisher=Clarendon Press | issue=v. 2 | year=1886 | url=https://archive.org/details/visionwilliamco08langgoog | access-date=17 February 2017 | page=[https://archive.org/details/visionwilliamco08langgoog/page/n339 239]}}</ref>