Editing Maserati (section)

==History==
===The Maserati brothers===
{{see also|Maserati Brothers}}
[[File:Four Maserati brothers.jpg|thumb|[[Ettore Maserati|Ettore]], [[Bindo Maserati|Bindo]], [[Ernesto Maserati|Ernesto]], and [[Alfieri Maserati]]]]
The Maserati brothers, [[Alfieri Maserati|Alfieri]] (1887–1932), [[Bindo Maserati|Bindo]] (1883–1980), [[Carlo Maserati|Carlo]] (1881–1910), [[Ettore Maserati|Ettore]] (1894–1990), and [[Ernesto Maserati|Ernesto]] (1898–1975), were all involved with automobiles from the beginning of the 20th century. Alfieri, Bindo, and Ernesto built 2-litre Grand Prix cars for [[Diatto]]. In 1926, Diatto suspended the production of race cars, leading to the creation of the first Maserati and the founding of the Maserati marque. One of the first Maseratis, driven by Alfieri, won the 1926 [[Targa Florio]]. Maserati began making race cars with 4, 6, 8, and 16 cylinders (two straight-eights mounted parallel to one another).

[[File:(Bologna) - Fontana del Nettuno.jpg|thumb|140px|left|[[Piazza Maggiore]]'s [[Neptune (mythology)|Neptune]] and his trident]]
The [[trident]] logo of the Maserati car company, designed by Mario Maserati, is based on the [[Fountain of Neptune, Bologna|Fountain of Neptune]] in [[Bologna]]'s [[Piazza Maggiore]]. In 1920, one of the Maserati brothers used this symbol in the logo at the suggestion of family friend Marquis Diego de Sterlich. It was considered particularly appropriate for the sports car company due to the fact that Neptune represents strength and vigour; additionally the statue is a characteristic symbol of the company's original home city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.maserati100.com/history/timeline.html |title=Maserati &#124; 100 Years &#124; History Timeline |website=Maserati100.com |publisher=Maserati |access-date=22 June 2014}}</ref>

Alfieri Maserati died in 1932, but three other brothers, Bindo, Ernesto, and Ettore kept the firm going.

===Orsi ownership===
In 1937, the remaining Maserati brothers sold their shares in the company to the [[Adolfo Orsi]] family, who, in 1940, relocated the company headquarters to their home town of [[Modena]],<ref name="maserati.com"/> where it remains to this day. The brothers continued in engineering roles with the company. Racing successes continued, even against the giants of German racing, [[Audi|Auto Union]] and [[Mercedes-Benz|Mercedes]]. In back-to-back wins in 1939 and 1940, an 8CTF won the [[Indianapolis 500]], making Maserati the only Italian manufacturer ever to do so.<ref>{{HAER |survey=IN-112 |id=in0543 |title=1938 Maserati 8.C.T.F., Indianapolis, Marion County, IN |photos=37 |color=4 |data=23 |cap=2}}</ref>

The second world war then intervened and Maserati abandoned car making to produce components for the Italian war effort. During this time, Maserati worked in fierce competition to construct a V16 [[town car]] for [[Benito Mussolini]] before [[Ferry Porsche]] of [[Volkswagen]] built one for [[Adolf Hitler]]. This failed, and the plans were scrapped. Once peace was restored, Maserati returned to making cars; the [[Maserati A6|A6]] series did well in the post-war racing scene.

[[File:Fangio & Maserati 250F.jpg|thumb|[[Juan-Manuel Fangio]] driving a [[Maserati 250F]]]]

Key people joined the Maserati team. [[Alberto Massimino]], a former FIAT engineer with both Alfa Romeo and Ferrari experience, oversaw the design of all racing models for the next ten years. With him joined engineers [[Giulio Alfieri]], [[Vittorio Bellentani]], and [[Gioacchino Colombo]]. The focus was on the best engines and chassis to succeed in car racing. These new projects saw the last contributions of the Maserati brothers, who, after their 10-year contract with Orsi expired, went on to form [[O.S.C.A.]] This new team at Maserati worked on several projects: the [[Maserati 4CLT|4CLT]], the [[Maserati A6|A6]] series, the 8CLT, and, pivotally for the future success of the company, the [[Maserati A6GCS|A6GCS]].

The famous Argentinian grand prix driver [[Juan-Manuel Fangio]] raced for Maserati for a number of years in the 1950s, achieving a number of stunning victories including winning the world championship in 1957 in the [[Maserati 250F|250F]]. Other racing projects in the 1950s were the [[Maserati 200S|200S]], [[Maserati 300S|300S]], [[Maserati 350S|350S]], and [[Maserati 450S|450S]], followed in 1961 by the famous [[Maserati Birdcage|''Tipo'' 61]].

====Withdrawal from racing====
Maserati retired from factory racing participation because of the ''[[Guidizzolo]] tragedy''{{efn|During the [[1957 Mille Miglia]], near the town of [[Guidizzolo]], a 4.2-litre Ferrari travelling at {{convert|250|km/h}} blew a tire and crashed into the roadside crowd, killing the driver – [[Alfonso de Portago]], the co-driver, and ten spectators, including five children. In response, [[Enzo Ferrari]] was charged with manslaughter in a lengthy criminal prosecution that was finally dismissed in 1961.}} during the 1957 [[Mille Miglia]], though they continued to build cars for [[privateer (motorsport)|privateer]]s. Maserati became more and more focused on building road-going [[grand tourer]]s.

[[File:1958 Maserati 3500 GT coupé - white - fvr.jpg|thumb|A 1958 [[Maserati 3500 GT]]]]

The 1957 [[Maserati 3500 GT|3500 GT]] marked a turning point in the marque's history, as its first ground-up [[grand tourer]] design and first series-produced car.{{Citation needed|date=April 2020}} Production jumped from a dozen to a few hundred cars a year.
Chief engineer [[Giulio Alfieri]] took charge of the project and turned the 3.5-litre [[inline-six engine|inline six]] from the [[Maserati 350S|350S]] into a road-going engine. Launched with a [[Carrozzeria Touring]] 2+2 coupé aluminium body over [[superleggera]] structure, a steel-bodied short wheelbase [[Vignale]] 3500 GT Spyder [[Convertible|open top]] version followed in 1959. The 3500 GT's success, with over 2,200 made, was critical to Maserati's survival in the years following withdrawal from racing.

The 3500 GT also provided the underpinnings for the small-volume V8-engined [[Maserati 5000 GT|5000 GT]], another seminal car for Maserati. Born from the [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|Shah of Persia]]'s whim of owning a road car powered by the [[Maserati 450S]] racing engine, it became one of the fastest and most expensive cars of its days. The third to the thirty-fourth and last example produced were powered by Maserati's first purely road-going V8 engine design.

In 1962, the 3500 GT evolved into the [[Maserati Sebring|Sebring]], bodied by [[Vignale]] and based on the shorter wheelbase convertible chassis. Next came the two-seater [[Maserati Mistral|Mistral]] coupé in 1963 and Spider in 1964, both powered by a six-cylinder engine and styled by [[Pietro Frua]].

[[File:Maserati Ghibli green.jpg|thumb|left|1971 [[Maserati Ghibli]] SS 4.9 Coupe]]

In 1963, the company's first [[Sedan (automobile)|saloon]] was launched, the [[Maserati Quattroporte|Quattroporte]], also styled by Frua. If the 5000 GT inaugurated the marque's first road-going V8, the Quattroporte's ''Tipo 107'' 4.2-litre [[DOHC]] V8 was the forefather of all Maserati V8s up to 1990.

The [[Ghia]]-designed [[Maserati Ghibli|Ghibli]] coupé was launched in 1967. It was powered by a 4.7-litre [[dry sump]] version of Maserati's quad cam V8. The Ghibli Spyder and high performance 4.9-litre Ghibli SS followed.

===Citroën ownership===
In 1968, Maserati was taken over by [[Citroën]]. Adolfo Orsi remained the nominal president, but Maserati was controlled by its new owner. The relationship started as a joint venture, made public in January 1968,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/mod,libera/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,12/articleid,0118_01_1968_0010_0012_6708926/ |title=Maserati e Citroën firmano un accordo di collaborazione |date=17 January 1968 |page=12 |newspaper=[[La Stampa]] |language=it |access-date=8 February 2015}}</ref> in which Maserati would design and manufacture an engine for Citroën's upcoming flagship called [[Citroën SM|SM]]. Launched in 1970, the SM was a four-seat [[front-wheel-drive]] coupé, powered by a Maserati ''Tipo C114'' 2.7-litre 90° [[V6 engine]]; this engine and its gearbox had been used in other vehicles, such as [[Rallying|rally]]-prepared [[Citroën DS|DS]]s used by Bob Neyret in [[Bandama Rally]], and in the [[Ligier JS2]].

[[File:Maserati Bora (6086494575).jpg|thumb|The [[Maserati Bora|Bora]] is the first mid-engine Maserati road legal automobile.]]

With secure financial backing, new models were launched and built in much greater numbers than years prior. Citroën borrowed Maserati's expertise and engines for the SM and other vehicles, and Maserati incorporated Citroën's technology, particularly in [[hydropneumatic|hydraulics]]. Engineer [[Giulio Alfieri]] was key to many of the ambitious designs of this period.

The first new arrival was the 1969 [[Maserati Indy|Indy]]—a Vignale-bodied four-seater GT with a traditional V8 drivetrain, 1,100 units of the Indy were made.

In 1971, the [[Maserati Bora|Bora]] was the company's first series production [[Mid-engine design|mid-engine]] model, an idea agreed with administrator Guy Malleret shortly after the 1968 takeover. The Bora ended Maserati's reputation for producing fast but technologically out of date cars, being the first Maserati with four wheel [[independent suspension]]. In contrast, competitor Lamborghini had used independent suspension in 1964.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.caranddriver.com/features/1967-maserati-ghibli-feature |title=1967 Maserati Ghibli |magazine=[[Car & Driver]] |date=November 2002 |first=Aaron |last=Robinson}}</ref>

In 1972, the Bora was transformed to the [[Maserati Merak|Merak]], now employing a ''Tipo 114'' SM-derived V6 enlarged to 3.0-litres.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.motortrend.com/classic/features/12q3_1973_maseratri_bora_and_merak/engine.html|title=1973 Maserati Bora and Merak – Motor Trend Classic|date=22 January 2013|work=Motor Trend}}</ref>

Citroën never developed a 4-door version of the SM – instead Maserati developed the [[Maserati Quattroporte II|Quattroporte II]], which shared most of its mechanical parts with the SM, including the [[mid-engine, front-wheel-drive layout]], and six headlight arrangement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mcgrathmaserati.co.uk/car-for-sale/maserati-quattroporte-2/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426140335/http://www.mcgrathmaserati.co.uk/car-for-sale/maserati-quattroporte-2/ |title=Maserati Quattroporte 2|archive-date=26 April 2015}}</ref>

To power this large car, Alfieri developed a V8 engine from the SM's V6 on the behest of Factory Manager Guy Malleret. The engine was rated at {{convert|260|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} and fitted to a lightly modified SM, which proved that the chassis could easily handle the power increase.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://autoweek.com/article/1974-citron-sm-v8-mystery-no-more|title=1974 Citroën SM V8: A Mystery No More|work=Autoweek|date=27 September 2010 }}</ref> Citroën's and Maserati's financial difficulties hampered the type [[homologation]] process; the development costs for the stillborn saloon further aggravated Maserati's situation. Only a dozen Quattroporte IIs were ever produced, all with the V6.

The replacement for the successful Ghibli was the [[Gruppo Bertone|Bertone]]-designed [[Maserati Khamsin|Khamsin]], a front-engine [[Grand touring|grand tourer]] introduced in 1972 and produced until 1974; it combined the traditional Maserati V8 GT layout with modern [[independent suspension]], [[unibody]] construction, and refined Citroën technologies such as [[DIRAVI]] power steering.

====Crisis years====
[[File:Citroën SM C114-03 Engine 011.jpg|thumb|The ''Tipo C114'' Maserati V6 in a Citroën SM]]

Meanwhile, the [[1973 oil crisis]] put the brakes on the ambitious expansion of Maserati; demand for fuel-hungry sports cars and grand tourers shrank drastically. [[Austerity]] measures in Italy meant that the domestic market contracted by 60–70%.<ref name="stampa riconversione">{{cite news |url=http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/mod,libera/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,10/articleid,1111_01_1974_0021_0010_21386890/ |title=Maserati: i sindacati chiedono di "riconvertire gli impianti" |first=Antonio |last=De Vito |date=25 January 1974 |page=13 |newspaper=[[La Stampa]] |language=it |access-date=8 February 2015}}</ref> All of the main Italian GT car manufacturers were heavily affected, having to lay off workers in order to empty lots of unsold cars. Maserati received the hardest blow, as its home market sales accounted for over half of the total—in contrast with [[Ferrari]]'s 20%.<ref name="stampa crisi 1974" /> In this situation, the only Maserati automobile that continued to sell in appreciable numbers was the small-displacement Merak.

In 1974, with the [[1973–75 recession]] at its climax, things took a turn for the worse. Citroën went bankrupt and its incorporation into [[PSA Peugeot Citroën]] begun. The year closed with domestic sales tumbling from 1973's 360 to 150 units,<ref name="stampa crisi 1974">{{cite news |url=http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/mod,libera/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,13/articleid,1106_01_1975_0060_0013_15839667/ |title=Feisal ha comprato in due minuti una berlinetta "Boxer" Ferrari |first=Michele |last=Fenu |date=15 March 1974 |page=13 |newspaper=[[La Stampa]] |language=it |access-date=8 February 2015}}</ref> and losses exceeding the [[share capital]].

On 22 May 1975, a press release from Citroën management abruptly announced Maserati had been put into [[liquidation]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/mod,libera/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,1/articleid,1107_01_1975_0117_0001_21481723/ |title=Modena per la "Maserati" |first=Francesco |last=Santini |date=24 May 1975 |pages=1–2 |newspaper=[[La Stampa]] |language=it |access-date=8 February 2015}}</ref> The workforce immediately picketed the factory, but production was not halted. [[Trade union]]s, the [[mayor]] of [[Modena]], and local politicians mobilised to save the 800 jobs; [[industry minister]] [[Carlo Donat-Cattin]] even flew to Paris to meet Citroën chairman [[Francois Rollier]]. An agreement was reached in June,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/mod,libera/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,12/articleid,1107_01_1975_0132_0012_21207013/ |title=La liquidazione Maserati, Citroën accetta il rinvio |date=11 June 1975 |page=12 |newspaper=[[La Stampa]] |language=it |access-date=8 February 2015}}</ref> after several meetings and assemblies. During one of these meetings, Citroën liquidators disclosed that a possible Italian buyer had shown up, and the name of Alejandro de Tomaso was put forth for the first time.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/mod,libera/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,15/articleid,1107_01_1975_0120_0015_21251161/ |title=Gruppo italiano in trattativa per comprare la "Maserati" |first=Francesco |last=Santini |date=28 May 1975 |page=15 |newspaper=[[La Stampa]] |language=it |access-date=8 February 2015}}</ref> Citroën accepted to suspend liquidation as requested by the Italian government, which on its part guaranteed six months of [[Unemployment benefits in Italy#Redundancy fund|special redundancy fund]] to pay the salaries.

===De Tomaso era===
On 8 August 1975, an agreement was signed at the Ministry of Industry in Rome, and property of Maserati passed from Citroën to Italian state-owned [[holding company]] GEPI{{efn|Gepi, or ''Società per le Gestioni e Partecipazioni Industriali'', was a holding company owned by [[Government-owned corporation|state enterprises]], whose intended purpose was to assume control of privately owned companies in difficulty and to resell them once restructured. De Tomaso had carried out similar recovery operations with aid from Gepi in the previous years, notably for the [[Benelli (motorcycles)|Benelli]] and [[Moto Guzzi]] [[motorcycle]] companies—which at the time he controlled.}} and [[Alejandro de Tomaso]], an Argentinian [[Business magnate|industrialist]] and former racing driver, became [[President (corporate title)|president]] and CEO.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/mod,libera/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,2/articleid,1108_01_1975_0182_0002_15868075/ |title=Maserati, c'è l'accordo |date=9 August 1975 |page=2 |newspaper=[[La Stampa]] |language=it |access-date=5 February 2015}}</ref><ref name = "CNN"/> As of December 1979, GEPI's quota amounted to 88.75% of Maserati,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/mod,libera/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,9/articleid,1080_01_1979_0285_0009_15797560/ |title=La rivolta sindacale alla Maserati: "Un'ambigua manovra che è già fallita" |first=Alfredo |last=Venturi |date=15 December 1979 |page=9 |newspaper=[[La Stampa]] |language=it |access-date=5 February 2015}}</ref> the remaining 11.25% stake was being controlled by de Tomaso through a holding company which grouped his automotive interests in Maserati and [[Innocenti]].

After de Tomaso bought Maserati in August 1975, he dismissed long time Chief Engineer Alfieri on the day of taking over the business.<ref>Hans-Karl Lange: Maserati. Der andere italienische Sportwagen. Page 53, Zsolnay, Wien, 1993, {{ISBN|3-552-05102-3}}.</ref>

Beginning in 1976, new models were introduced, sharing their underpinnings—but not their engines—with [[De Tomaso]] cars; first came the [[Maserati Kyalami|Kyalami]] grand tourer, derived from the [[De Tomaso Longchamp]], restyled by [[Pietro Frua|Frua]] and powered by Maserati's own V8. Following the Kyalami was the [[Italdesign Giugiaro|Giugiaro]]-designed [[Maserati Quattroporte III|Quattroporte III]] based on the [[De Tomaso Deauville]], which was introduced in 1976 and put on sale in 1979.

The Bora's sales dwindled down; the Khamsin was discontinued between 1982 and 1983. Progressively stripped of its Citroën-derived parts, the Merak continued to sell over one hundred units a year, until 1982. Despite the downturn in sales, awareness of the brand increased during this time as a result of the popular song [[Life's Been Good]] by [[Joe Walsh]], which contained the lyrics "My Maserati does one eighty-five."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Healy |first1=Mark |title=The Joe Walsh Effect |journal=[[Road & Track]] |date=February 2023 |pages=30–33}}</ref>

====The Biturbo====
[[File:1985 Maserati Biturbo E, front left (US).jpg|thumb|left|A 1985 [[Maserati Biturbo]]]]

The 1980s saw the company largely abandoning the mid-engine sports car in favour of a compact [[Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout|front-engine]], [[rear-wheel drive|rear-drive]] coupé, the [[Maserati Biturbo|Biturbo]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/mod,libera/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,9/articleid,1057_01_1981_0293_0009_15280463/ |title=Maserati, due turbo nel motore |first=Valerio |last=Sabatini |date=15 December 1981 |newspaper=[[La Stampa]] |language=it |access-date=8 February 2015}}</ref>
Of fairly conventional construction, the Biturbo's highlight was its [[twin-turbocharged]] [[V6 engine]], the [[List of automotive superlatives|first for a production car]]. This engine, descending from the 90° V6 engineered by Giulio Alfieri, was fitted in a large number of models, all sharing key components; every new Maserati launched up to the 1990s would be based on the Biturbo's platform.
The Biturbo family was extremely successful at exploiting the [[Aspirational brand|aspirational image]] of the ''Maserati'' name—selling 40,000 units.

In 1983 and 1984, the range was extended to include [[Sedan (car)|saloons]] (the 425 and 420) and a [[cabriolet]] (the [[Zagato]]-bodied Spyder), respectively on a long and short wheelbase of the Biturbo platform.

During 1984, [[Chrysler]] bought a 5% share in Maserati. Following an agreement between De Tomaso's friend and Chrysler head [[Lee Iacocca]], a [[joint venture]] was signed. Maserati would go on to produce a car for export to the American market, the [[Chrysler TC by Maserati]], with Chrysler-sourced engines. In July of that same year, a [[merger]] between Maserati and Nuova Innocenti was decided; it was carried out in 1985.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1985/06/16/de-tomaso-perfeziona-la-fusione-tra-maserati.html |title=De Tomaso perfeziona la fusione tra Maserati e Nuova Innocenti |first=Giorgio |last=Lonardi |date=16 June 1985 |newspaper=[[La Repubblica]] |language=it |access-date=5 February 2015}}</ref> Chrysler upped its stake to 15.6% by underwriting three quarters of a 75 billion [[Italian Lira|Lire]] capital raise in 1986.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1986/05/29/chrysler-sbarca-in-italia.html |title=Chrysler sbarca in Italia |first=Giorgio |last=Lonardi |date=29 May 1986 |newspaper=[[La Repubblica]] |language=it |access-date=5 February 2015}}</ref>

New Biturbo-based cars and model evolutions were launched year after year. In 1984, it was the 228, a large coupé built on the long wheelbase saloon chassis, with a new 2.8-litre version of the twin-turbocharged V6. [[Weber carburetors|Weber]] [[Fuel injection]] was phased in starting in 1986, bringing improved reliability and a host of new model variants. The same year, the ageing Quattroporte III was updated and marketed as the luxurious [[Maserati Quattroporte#Maserati Royale|Royale]], built to order in an handful of examples a year; its discontinuation in 1990 marked the disappearance of Maserati's four-cam V8 engine, a design that could trace its roots back to the 450S racer and the legendary 5000 GT. In 1987, the 2.8-litre 430 topped the saloon range. 1988 brought the [[Maserati Karif|Karif]], a two-seater, based on the short wheelbase Spyder chassis. Meanwhile, the Biturbo name was dropped altogether, as updated coupés and saloons were updated and became the 222 and 422. 1989 marked the reintroduction of an eight-cylinder grand tourer: the [[Maserati Shamal|Shamal]], built on a modified short wheelbase Biturbo chassis, clad in new muscular bodywork styled by [[Marcello Gandini]]. It was powered by an all-new twin-turbocharged 32-valve V8 engine paired to a 6-speed gearbox. 2.0-litre, 24-valve V6 engines were also added to the Shamal range.

====De Tomaso-FIAT years====
[[File:1995 Maserati Ghibli (2).jpg|thumb|left|Maserati Ghibli II]]

In October 1989, De Tomaso bought the remaining GEPI quota. In December, [[Fiat S.p.A.|FIAT]] entered in Maserati's history. Maserati and Innocenti were separated; Innocenti Milano S.p.A., the company that sold Innocenti cars, continued its business under a 51% FIAT Auto ownership. All of the [[Modena]] and [[Lambrate]] plants went to a newly created company, the still existent Maserati S.p.A.; 49% of it was owned by FIAT Auto and 51% was controlled by De Tomaso through the old company, Officine Alfieri Maserati.<ref name="stampa fiat89">{{cite news |url=http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/mod,libera/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,13/articleid,0952_01_1989_0282_0013_24118345/ |title=Anche la Biturbo nell'orbita della Fiat |first=Renzo |last=Villare |date=8 December 1989 |page=13 |newspaper=[[La Stampa]] |language=it |access-date=5 February 2015}}</ref><ref name="repubblica fiat89">{{cite news |url=http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1989/12/08/anche-la-maserati-nell-impero-fiat.html|title=Anche la Maserati nell'impero Fiat |first=Salvatore |last=Tropea |date=8 December 1989 |newspaper=[[La Repubblica]] |language=it |access-date=5 February 2015}}</ref>

In the early 1990s, a [[mid-engine]] sports car was developed, the {{ill|Maserati Chubasco|lt=Chubasco|it}} — which was to début in 1992. It featured Gandini-designed body, a V8 powertrain, and a [[backbone chassis]]. The project was cancelled, as part owner Fiat deemed the project to be too close to Ferrari in the marketplace.<ref name="TV1691.17">{{cite magazine | title = Allt om bilen: PS | trans-title = All about cars: PS | language = sv | magazine = [[Teknikens Värld]] | publisher = Specialtidningsförlaget AB | location = Stockholm, Sweden | page = 17 | date = 1991-08-22 | issue = 16 | volume = 43 | editor-first = Claes | editor-last = Johansson }}</ref> Starting in 1990, the entire range of the Biturbo received a facelift designed by Marcello Gandini, on the lines of the Shamal's styling. The last version of the Biturbo coupé was called Racing. It was a transitional model in which several features to be found on the upcoming Ghibli were tested.

The [[Maserati Ghibli II|Ghibli II]] was introduced in 1992. It was a six-cylinder coupé, with modified Biturbo underpinnings dressed by new Gandini bodywork (toned down from the Shamal) and the latest evolution of the 24-valve twin-turbocharged V6 with record breaking specific output. The underpinnings of the stillborn Chubasco gave birth to the [[Maserati Barchetta]], a small open top mid-engine sports car styled by Synthesis Design's Carlo Gaino.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.synthesisdesign.it/barchetta.html |title=Synthesis design – Maserati Barchetta |website=dynthesisdesign.it |access-date=20 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219022229/http://www.synthesisdesign.it/barchetta.html |archive-date=19 February 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> a [[auto racing#One-make racing|one-make racing series]] was held in 1992 and 1993, using the Barchetta Corsa racing version; the road-going Barchetta Stradale was never put into production. Just 17 units of the Barchetta were produced.

Between 1992 and 1994, all models save for the Ghibli and Shamal were progressively discontinued.

===FIAT ownership===
<!-- Unsourced image removed: [[Image:Maserati ghibli 1969.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Maserati Ghibli]] 1969]] -->
<!-- Unsourced image removed: [[Image:Maserati 430 1990.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Maserati 430]] 1990]] -->
[[File:4th generation Maserati Quattroporte.jpg|thumb|right|Maserati Quattroporte IV]]

On 19 May 1993, 17 years after having rescued it from liquidation, Alejandro De Tomaso sold his 51% stake in Maserati to FIAT, which became the sole owner.<ref name="CNN">{{cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2007/SPORT/08/07/fangio.50/ |title=Fangio Remembered, 50 years after historic Nuerburgring victory |work=CNN|date=28 August 2007 |access-date=1 September 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/mod,libera/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,24/articleid,0787_01_1993_0137_0024_11100351/ |title=De Tomaso lascia la Maserati |first=Eugenio |last=Ferraris |date=20 May 1993 |page=9 |newspaper=[[La Stampa]] |language=it |access-date=5 February 2015}}</ref>

In 1994, the aging Quattroporte III/Royale was replaced by the [[Maserati Quattroporte IV|Quattroporte IV]] which was ultimately based on Biturbo underpinnings. Styled by Marcello Gandini, it was initially available with a V6 engine shared with the Ghibli II. A more powerful V8 variant was made available in 1996 and "Seicilindri" and "Ottocilindri" (six and eight cylindres in Italian) badging was introduced to distinguish between the two models. The engine of the V8 model was a development of the Shamal's V8.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/mod,libera/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,35/articleid,0686_01_1995_0330_0043_9296250/ |title=Maserati, lusso e sprint |first=Gianni |last=Rogliatti |date=7 December 1995 |page=43 |newspaper=[[La Stampa]] |language=IT |access-date=5 April 2015}}</ref>

Over two decades after the ill-fated [[Chrysler TC by Maserati]] during Chrysler's brief ownership stake in Maserati, the two companies became interconnected again when [[Fiat|FIAT]] purchased majority control of Chrysler in 2011 as a result of [[Chrysler Chapter 11 reorganization|Chrysler's bankruptcy]]. Maserati and Citroen also later interconnected for the first time since 1975, following the Stellantis merger in 2021.

====Ferrari====
In July 1997, [[Fiat|FIAT]] sold a 50% share in the company to Maserati's long-time arch-rival [[Ferrari]] (Ferrari itself being owned by [[Fiat|FIAT]]).<ref name="maserati.com"/> In 1999, Ferrari took full control, making Maserati its luxury division. A new factory was built, replacing the existing 1940s-era facility.

The steps taken by the new parent company resulted in the improved '''Quattroporte Evoluzione''' which was introduced at the March 1998 [[Geneva Motor Show#1998|Geneva Motor Show]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/mod,libera/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,15/articleid,0537_01_1998_0062_0015_7123782/ |title=Testore: "Una sfida mondiale" |first=Michele |last=Fenu |date=4 March 1998 |page=15 |newspaper=[[La Stampa]] |language=IT |access-date=5 April 2015}}</ref>

{{Multiple image
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| image1            = Maserati 3200 GT - Flickr - Alexandre Prévot (3) (cropped).jpg
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| caption2          = A distinctive feature of the 3200 GT were its boomerang shaped rear lights.
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In 1998, a new chapter began in Maserati's history when the company launched the [[Maserati 3200 GT|3200 GT]]. This two-door coupé is powered by a 3.2&nbsp;L twin-turbocharged V8 derived from the Shamal engine, which is rated at {{convert|370|hp}}.

In 2002 the 3200 GT was replaced by the [[Maserati Coupé]] and Spyder; evolved from the 3200, these cars used an all-new, [[naturally aspirated]], [[dry sump]] 4.2-litre V8 with a [[transaxle]] gearbox. In turn Coupé and Spyder were replaced by the [[Maserati GranTurismo|GranTurismo and GranCabrio]].

Meanwhile, two new models were shown to the public: the [[Maserati MC12|MC12]] road supersports and successful GT racer with a [[Enzo Ferrari (automobile)|Ferrari Enzo]]–derived chassis and engine and the new [[Maserati Quattroporte#Quattroporte V (M139, 2003–2012)|Quattroporte]], a luxury saloon with the 4.2-litre V8 engine of the Gran Turismo.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.caranddriver.com/maserati/quattroporte|title=Maserati Quattroporte – Car and Driver|website=www.caranddriver.com|access-date=2017-01-16}}</ref> In 2001, Ferrari decided to change all of the old tooling and installed high-tech devices in the Modena factory.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.maseratiusa.com/us/en/brand/a-history-of-innovation |title=Maserati History – A Tale of Innovation |publisher=Maserati USA |access-date=2022-02-27}}</ref>

[[File:Maserati MC12 Cent 100 at Goodwood 2014 004.jpg|thumb|right|The MC12 marked Maserati's return to racing after a long hiatus.]]

Since early 2002, Maserati once again entered the [[United States]] market,<ref name="usatoday.com">{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/money/autos/2004-03-29-maserati_x.htm |title=Maserati tries for comeback in USA |website=USA Today |first=Earle |last=Eldridge |date=30 March 2004 |access-date=25 January 2009}}</ref> which has quickly become its largest market worldwide. The company has also re-entered the racing arena with their Trofeo and, in December 2003, the MC12 (formerly known as the MCC), which was developed according to FIA GT regulations and has since competed with great success in the world FIA GT championship, winning the teams championship three consecutive times from 2005 to 2007. The MC12 has also been raced in various national GT championship as well as in the American Le Mans series. The MC12 is based on the [[Enzo Ferrari (car)|Enzo Ferrari]] sports car;<ref name="worldcarfans.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.worldcarfans.com/1060609.001/wcf-test-drive-maserati-mc12r-by-edo |title=WCF Test Drive: Maserati MC12R by Edo |website=worldcarfans.com |access-date=25 January 2009}}</ref> 50 street-legal homologation models (roadsters and coupés) have been sold.

====The Maserati and Alfa Romeo Group under FIAT Group====
[[File:2005 Maserati 4200 GT - Flickr - The Car Spy (5).jpg|thumb|Maserati's "Trident" badge]]

The Maserati and [[Alfa Romeo]] group, under [[Fiat|FIAT Group]], started in 2005, when Maserati was split off from Ferrari and partnered with Alfa Romeo.<ref name="carkeys.co.uk">{{cite web |url=http://www.carkeys.co.uk/news/2005/february/18/5657.asp |title=Ferrari/Maserati Split |website=carkeys.co.uk |year=2005 |access-date=28 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050220005315/http://www.carkeys.co.uk/news/2005/february/18/5657.asp |archive-date=20 February 2005 }}</ref><ref name="automobile.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.automobile.com/fiat-divides-maserati-from-ferrari-to-bolster-alfa-romeo.html |title=Fiat divides Maserati from Ferrari to bolster Alfa Romeo |first=Shawn|last=Maynard |website=automobile.com |access-date=28 April 2010}}</ref> On 9 June 2005, the 20,000th Maserati, a Quattroporte V, left the factory.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/mod,libera/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,25/articleid,0230_01_2005_0158_0027_1790176/ |title=Ecco la Maserati numero 20.000 |date=10 June 2005 |page=25 |newspaper=[[La Stampa]] |language=it |access-date=5 February 2015}}</ref> In the second quarter of 2007, Maserati made profit for the first time in 17 years under [[Fiat|FIAT]] ownership.<ref name="italiaspeed.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.italiaspeed.com/2007/cars/maserati/07/q2/2407.html |title=Maserati in the black for the first time under Fiat ownership |website=italiaspeed.com |date=24 July 2007 |access-date=24 July 2007}}</ref>

On January 22, 2010, FIAT announced that it had created a new partnership/brand group for Alfa Romeo, Maserati, and Abarth. The group was led by Harald J. Wester, the current CEO of Maserati. [[Sergio Marchionne]] stated that "[the] purpose of bringing the Alfa Romeo, Maserati and Abarth brands under the same leadership is to emphasize and leverage the value of the shared qualities of the three brands in terms of their sporting characteristics and performance."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://europe.autonews.com/article/20100122/ANE/100129973/fiat-will-merge-alfa-maserati-and-abarth-into-single-brand-group |title=Fiat will merge Alfa, Maserati and Abarth into single brand group |website=autonews.com |date=21 January 2010 |access-date=21 July 2014}}</ref> Abarth stayed under Wester's leadership until 2013, leaving Maserati and Alfa Romeo in the brand group, led by Wester.<ref name="fcagroup.com">Harald Wester: [http://www.fcagroup.com/en-US/governance/management/Pages/harald_wester.aspx FCAGroup – Harald Wester], accessdate: 4. March 2016</ref> Although Maserati and Alfa Romeo are in a brand group, Alfa Romeo is structured under FCA Italy S.p.A., which itself is structured under FCA, whereas Maserati is structured solely under FCA. In addition, in an interview with Wester in 2015, he clarified that his "role at Maserati is different from that in the Alfa Romeo as the latter is better integrated into the FIAT Group" and that "the new Alfa car won't share any parts with the current Maserati model. I'm not planning any technical merging of these two makes."<ref name="HW">{{cite web |title=An Interview With Maserati/Alfa Romeo CEO Harald Wester| work=SuperStreetOnline |date=30 April 2015 |url=http://www.superstreetonline.com/features/1504-an-interview-with-maseratialfa-romeo-ceo-harald-wester/#__federated=1 |access-date=2015-06-29}}</ref>

In 2013, Maserati started its expansion with the [[Maserati Quattroporte|Quattroporte VI]], which was designed to better compete with the [[Mercedes-Benz S-Class]]. This was followed by the introduction of the [[Maserati Ghibli (M157)|Ghibli]], which was slated to compete against the [[Mercedes-Benz E-Class]] and the [[BMW 5 Series]]. On May 6, 2014, Maserati confirmed production of the [[Maserati Levante|Levante]] SUV and the [[Maserati Alfieri|Alfieri]] (previously a 2+2 concept sports car that was named after Alfieri Maserati). The Alfieri has not started production as yet.<ref name="AB" /> At this event, it was revealed that 2014 will be the last year of production for the [[Maserati GranTurismo|GranTurismo]] and GranCabrio (GranTurismo Convertible in the US),<ref name="AB" /> although production of the GranTurismo was extended, with a facelifted GranTurismo being unveiled in 2018.<ref name="AB"  /><ref>{{cite web |title=EXCLUSIVE: Maserati to end GranTurismo build in 2016| date=16 January 2015 |url=http://www.just-auto.com/news/maserati-to-end-granturismo-build-in-2016_id154716.aspx |access-date=2015-06-29}}</ref> The model was finally phased out in November 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Maserati Builds Final GranTurismo, the Zèda, as It Looks to Electrification |url=https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a29761351/last-maserati-granturismo/ |last=Beresford |first=Colin |date=2019-11-11 |website=Car and Driver |language=en-US |access-date=2020-05-04}}</ref>

Along with their expansion, Maserati started their re-entrance into the high-performance car field, in order to compete with brands such as [[Mercedes-AMG]], [[BMW M]], [[Porsche]], [[Jaguar Cars|Jaguar]], and in certain cases, [[Ferrari]]. This was done by introducing Maserati models that have high power output engines, higher performance components, and better handling. The top-of-the-line variants of the Quattroporte VI, Ghibli, and Levante have {{convert|570|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} V8 engines with all-wheel drive, in order to better compete with their rival offerings.<ref name="Maserati 5-year plan2">{{cite web |url=http://www.fcagroup.com/investorday/PresentationList/Maserati_Brand.pdf |title=Maserati 5-year plan |website=fcagroup.com |access-date=22 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.carbuzz.com/news/2014/5/7/Ghibli-Quattroporte-and-GranTurismo-to-Receive-560HP-V8-7720147/ |title=Ghibli, Quattroporte and GranTurismo to Receive 560HP V8 |website=carbuzz.com |date=7 May 2014 |access-date=21 July 2014}}</ref>

[[File:100 Years Maserati at Autoworld Brussels.JPG|thumb|The 2014 Maserati lineup, as shown at the 100th Year Anniversary in [[AutoWorld (museum)|Autoworld Brussels]]. From left to right: Maserati GranCabrio Sport, Maserati Ghibli III and Maserati Quattroporte VI]]

Maserati sales in 2013 was 15,400 units, which is up from just over 6,000 units worldwide in 2012 (2013 included the release of the new Quattroporte and Ghibli towards the end of the year, and thus the first year to fully represent the sales inclusive of these models is 2014).<ref name="AB" /> In May, 2014, Maserati sold a company record of over 3,000 cars worldwide, causing them to increase production of the Ghibli and Quattroporte.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2014/06/12/maserati-ghibli-quattroporte-production-sales-report/ |title=Maserati ramping up production of Ghibli, Quattroporte |website=autoblog.com |first=Noah |last=Joseph |date=12 June 2014 |access-date=21 July 2014}}</ref> For that same month in the United States, Maserati sold 1,114 vehicles, which is up 406.19% over the same month in the previous year in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2014/06/03/may-2014-us-auto-sales-numbers/ |title=May 2014: May The Sales Be With You Edition |website=autoblog.com |first=Jeremy |last=Korzeniewski |date=3 June 2014 |access-date=21 July 2014}}</ref> Maserati's best month of sales in the United States was September 2014, with 1,318 units sold.<ref name="autoblog.com 10/14">{{cite web |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2014/10/01/september-2014-by-the-numbers/ |title=September 2014: Cooling Off As The Leaves Change Edition |website=autoblog.com |first=Jeremy |last=Korzeniewski |date=1 October 2014 |access-date=3 October 2014}}</ref> The month in 2014 where the increase on sales for the same month of the previous year was the highest was May, with a volume increase of 406.19%.<ref name="autoblog.com 10/14" /> The sales target for 2018 was 75,000 units worldwide.<ref name="AB" />

2014 marked a historic record of 13,411 total units sold in North America for the year, a 169% increase versus 2013, boasting the highest-ever overall sales year for Maserati North America, Inc.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.marketwatch.com/story/maserati-north-america-inc-closes-2014-with-record-breaking-sales-2015-01-06 |title=Maserati North America, Inc. closes 2014 with record-breaking sales |website=marketwatch.com |access-date=6 January 2015}}</ref> Worldwide, in 2014 Maserati sold about 36,500 cars, a 136% increase over 2013.<ref>{{cite press release|title = Following Its 2014 Record Breaking Sales Record, Maserati Kicks Off 2015 With New "Ermenegildo Zegna" Design Concept Unveiling At The 2015 Detroit North American International Auto Show|url = http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/following-its-2014-record-breaking-sales-record-maserati-kicks-off-2015-with-new-ermenegildo-zegna-design-concept-unveiling-at-the-2015-detroit-north-american-international-auto-show-300019371.html|via = PRnewswire|access-date = 2015-06-29|publisher= Maserati Inc.}}</ref> Harald J. Wester stated that Maserati would not surpass the 70,000 sales per year mark, and that Maserati would maintain its current position in the higher end of the luxury sports car market, rather than expanding downmarket and making vehicles smaller and less expensive than the Ghibli and Levante (such as those similar to the Audi Q5 and Mercedes-Benz C-Class), as other FCA brands, specifically Alfa Romeo, are in those market spaces.<ref name="HW" />

Since 2009, [[Marco Tencone]] was the head designer of Maserati cars, although, in late 2015, he was announced as remaining in executive positions at Lancia and FIAT only.<ref>Luca Ciferri, ''[http://europe.autonews.com/article/20151019/BLOG15/151019878/fca-design-gets-more-international-as-non-italians-take-key-jobs  FCA design gets more international as non-Italians take key jobs] from Automotive News Europe on October 15, 2015.</ref>

In 2014, [[Fiat S.p.A.]] merged with American automaker [[Chrysler]] to form [[Fiat Chrysler Automobiles]]. Subsequently, in 2021, FCA merged with the French [[PSA Group]] to form [[Stellantis]], reuniting Maserati with Citroën.

==== Electrification ====
On 17 March 2022, [[chief executive officer]] Davide Grasso announced that Maserati will produce an [[Electric vehicle|electric]] version of all of its models by 2025.<ref name="EV">{{Cite web |last=Bloomberg |date=2022-03-18 |title=Maserati will offer electric versions of all its cars by 2025 |url=https://gulfbusiness.com/maserati-will-offer-electric-versions-of-all-its-cars-by-2025/ |access-date=2022-03-18 |website=Gulf Business |language=en-US}}</ref> CEO also announced the plans to phase out all of its internal combustion engine vehicles by 2030.<ref name="EV" /> All Maserati EVs will wear the [[wikt:folgore|Folgore]] name (that means "lightning" in [[Italian language|Italian]]).<ref>{{cite web|title=2024 Maserati Grecale Folgore EV Promises Big Battery, Lots of Torque|url=https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a39475725/2024-maserati-grecale-folgore-ev-confirmed/|author=Joey Capparella|work=[[Car & Driver]]|date=22 March 2022}}</ref>