Editing Mary, mother of Jesus (section)

==Names and titles==
{{Main|Titles of Mary}}

[[File:Encaustic Virgin.jpg|thumb|right|Virgin and Child with angels and Sts. George and Theodore. Icon, {{circa|600}}, from [[Saint Catherine's Monastery]]]]
{{Mary|state=collapsed}}

Mary's name in the original manuscripts of the New Testament was based on her original [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]] name {{Lang|arc|מרים|rtl=yes}}, transliterated as {{transliteration|arc|[[Maryam (name)|Maryam]]}} or {{transliteration|arc|Mariam}}.<ref>"Mary", ''A Dictionary of First Names'' by Patrick Hanks, Kate Hardcastle and Flavia Hodges (2006). Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0198610602}}.</ref> The English name ''[[Mary (name)|Mary]]'' comes from the Greek {{lang|grc|Μαρία}}, a shortened form of the name {{lang|grc|Μαριάμ}}. Both {{lang|grc|Μαρία}} and {{lang|grc|Μαριάμ}} appear in the New Testament.

===In Christianity===

In Christianity, Mary is commonly referred to as the Virgin Mary, in accordance with the belief that the [[Holy Spirit in Christianity|Holy Spirit]] impregnated her, thereby conceiving her first-born son Jesus [[Miraculous births|miraculously]], without sexual relations with her betrothed Joseph, "until her son [Jesus] was born".<ref>{{bibleverse|Matthew|1:25}}</ref> The word "until" has inspired considerable analysis on whether Joseph and Mary produced [[Brothers of Jesus|siblings]] after the birth of Jesus or not.{{efn|See [[Sabine R. Huebner]]'s succinct analysis of the issue: "Jesus is described as the 'first-born son' of Mary in Mt 1:25 and Lk 2:7. From this wording alone we can conclude that there were later-born sons ... The family ... had at least five sons and an unknown number of daughters."<ref>[[Sabine R. Huebner]], ''Papyri and the Social World of the New Testament'' (Cambridge University Press, 2019), p. 73. {{ISBN|1108470254}}</ref>}} Among her many other names and titles are the [[Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church|Blessed Virgin Mary]] (often abbreviated to "BVM" after the [[Latin]] {{lang|la|Beata Maria Virgo}}),<ref>{{citation|author=Fulbert of Chatres|author-link=Fulbert of Chartres|title=O Beata Virgo Maria|url=https://www.preces-latinae.org/thesaurus/BVM/OBeataVM.html|access-date=27 March 2020|archive-date=4 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304020702/https://www.preces-latinae.org/thesaurus/BVM/OBeataVM.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Saint]] Mary (occasionally), the [[Theotokos|Mother of God]] (primarily in [[Western Christianity]]), the {{transliteration|grc|[[Theotokos]]}} (primarily in [[Eastern Christianity]]), Our Lady (Medieval {{Langx|it|Madonna}}), and [[Queen of Heaven]] ({{lang|la|Regina caeli}}; see also [[Regina Coeli (disambiguation)|here]]).<ref>''Encyclopedia of Catholicism by Frank K. Flinn'', J. Gordon Melton, 2007, {{ISBN|0-8160-5455-X}}, pp. 443–444</ref><ref name="Hillerbrand">Hillerbrand, Hans Joachim. ''Encyclopedia of Protestantism'', Volume 3, 2003. {{ISBN|0-415-92472-3}}, p. 1174</ref> The title "[[Queen of heaven (antiquity)|queen of heaven]]" had previously been used as an [[epithet]] for a number of goddesses, such as [[Isis]], or [[Ishtar]].

Titles in use vary among [[Anglican Marian theology|Anglicans]], [[Luther's Marian theology|Lutherans]] and other [[Protestant views on Mary|Protestants]], as well as [[Latter Day Saint views on Mary|Mormons]], [[Roman Catholic Mariology|Catholics]], [[Orthodox Marian theology|Orthodox]] and [[Ecumenical meetings and documents on Mary|other Christians]].

The three main titles for Mary used by the Orthodox are {{transliteration|grc|Theotokos}} ({{lang|grc|Θεοτόκος}} or "God-bearer"), {{transliteration|grc|[[Aeiparthenos]]}} ({{lang|grc|ἀειπαρθένος}}) which means ever-virgin, as confirmed in the [[Second Council of Constantinople]] in 553, and {{transliteration|grc|[[Panagia]]}} ({{lang|grc|Παναγία}}) meaning "all-holy".<ref name="Fairbairn" /> Catholics use a wide variety of titles for Mary, and these titles have in turn given rise to many artistic depictions.

The title {{transliteration|grc|Theotokos}}, which means "God-bearer", was recognized at the [[Council of Ephesus]] in 431.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Longenecker |first1=Father Dwight |title=God-bearer |url=https://www.catholic.com/magazine/print-edition/god-bearer |website=Catholic Answers |access-date=30 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Council of Ephesus |url=https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05491a.htm |website=New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia |access-date=30 July 2022}}</ref> The direct equivalents of title in Latin are {{lang|la|Deipara}} and {{lang|la|Dei Genitrix}}, although the phrase is more often loosely translated into Latin as {{lang|la|Mater Dei}} ("Mother of God"), with similar patterns for other languages used in the [[Latin Church]]. However, this same phrase in Greek ({{lang|grc|Μήτηρ Θεοῦ}}), in the abbreviated form {{lang|grc|ΜΡ ΘΥ}}, is an indication commonly attached to her image in [[Eastern Christianity|Byzantine]] [[icon]]s. The Council stated that the [[Church Fathers]] "did not hesitate to speak of the holy Virgin as the Mother of God".<ref name="ccel.org">{{cite web|url=https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf214.x.xvi.i.html|title=The Canons of the Two Hundred Holy and Blessed Fathers Who Met at Ephesus|date=1 June 2005|publisher=Ccel.org|access-date=30 September 2013|archive-date=17 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617221958/https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf214.x.xvi.i.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>M'Corry, John Stewart''Theotokos: Or, the Divine Maternity''. 2009 {{ISBN|1-113-18361-6}} p. 10</ref><ref>''The Christian theology reader'' by Alister E. McGrath 2006 {{ISBN|1-4051-5358-X}} p. 273</ref>

Some Marian titles have a direct [[Bible|scriptural]] basis. For instance, the title "Queen Mother" has been given to Mary, as she was the mother of Jesus, sometimes referred to as the "King of Kings" due to his ancestral descent from [[David|King David]].<ref>{{bibleverse|Luke|1:32}}</ref><ref>{{bibleverse|Isaiah|9:6}}</ref><ref>{{bibleverse|1 Kings|2:19–20}}</ref><ref>{{Bibleverse|Jeremiah|13:18–19}}</ref><ref>''What Every Catholic Should Know about Mary'' by Terrence J. McNally {{ISBN|1-4415-1051-6}} p. 128</ref> This is also based on the Hebrew tradition of the "Queen-Mother", the [[Gebirah]] or "Great Lady".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hahn |first1=Scott |title=Hail, Holy Queen: The Mother of God in the Word of God |date= 2006 |publisher=Image |isbn=978-0385501699 |page=78 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Scott |title=What You Need to Know About Mary: But Were Never Taught |date=2018 |publisher=Holy Water Books |isbn=978-0998360324 |page=87 }}</ref> Other titles have arisen from [[Miracle|reported miracles]], special appeals, or occasions for calling on Mary.{{efn|To give a few examples, [[Our Lady of Good Counsel]], [[Our Lady of Navigators]], and [[Mary Untier of Knots|Our Lady Undoer of Knots]] fit this description.<ref name="Jameson">''Legends of the Madonna'' by Anna Jameson 2009 {{ISBN|1406853380}} p. 50</ref><ref>Ann Ball, 2003 ''Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices'' {{ISBN|0-87973-910-X}} p. 515</ref><ref>Candice Lee Goucher, 2007 ''World history: journeys from past to present'' {{ISBN|0-415-77137-4}} p. 102</ref><ref>Ann Ball, 2003 ''Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices'' {{ISBN|0-87973-910-X}} p. 525</ref>}}

===In Islam===
{{Main|Mary in Islam}}
[[File:Virgin Mary Painting by Hossein Nuri.jpg|thumb|''Virgin Mary'' depicted by Muslim painter [[Hossein_Nuri#Virgin_Mary_painting|Hossein Nuri]]]]
In [[Islam]], Mary is known as [[Mary in Islam|Maryam]] ({{langx|ar|مريم|translit=Maryam}}), mother of [[Jesus in Islam|Isa]] ({{lang|ar|عيسى بن مريم}}, {{transliteration|ar|ʿĪsā ibn Maryām}}, {{literal translation|Jesus, son of Mary}}). She is often referred to by the honorific title {{transliteration|ar|"Sayyidatuna"}}, meaning "Our Lady"; this title is in parallel to {{transliteration|ar|"Sayyiduna"}} ("Our Lord"), used for the prophets.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|year=2008|title=Mary|encyclopedia=The New Encyclopedia of Islam|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.|location=Plymouth, United Kingdom|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D7tu12gt4JYC|access-date=2 June 2016|last=Glassé|first=Cyril|edition=3rd|pages=340–341|isbn=978-0742562967|archive-date=17 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191117195626/https://books.google.com/books?id=D7tu12gt4JYC|url-status=live}}</ref> A related term of endearment is {{transliteration|ar|"Siddiqah"}},<ref>{{qref|5|73-75|b=y}}</ref> meaning "she who confirms the truth" and "she who believes sincerely completely". Another title for Mary is {{transliteration|ar|"Qānitah"}}, which signifies both constant submission to God and absorption in prayer and invocation in Islam.<ref name="qref|66|12|b=y">{{qref|66|12|b=y|t=si}}</ref> She is also called {{transliteration|ar|"Tahira"}}, meaning "one who has been purified" and representing her status as one of two humans in creation to not be touched by [[Iblis|Satan]] at any point, the other being Jesus.<ref name="qref|3|36|b=y">{{qref|3|36|b=y}}</ref> In the [[Quran]], she is described both as "the daughter of Imran" and "the sister of Aaron", alluding to [[Miriam]] from the [[Hebrew Bible]].<ref>{{qref|19|28|b=y}}</ref> However, the title of "the sister of Aaron" is confirmed to be metaphorical (which is a common [[figure of speech]] in [[Arabic]]) as per a [[Hadith]] from the [[Islam|Islamic]] prophet [[Muhammad]] explaining Mary was indeed named after Miriam.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Elias |first=Abu Amina |date=6 October 2012 |title=Hadith on Maryam: Why Mary is called sister of Aaron |url=https://www.abuaminaelias.com/dailyhadithonline/2012/10/05/sister-harun-quran/ |access-date=18 November 2024 |website=www.abuaminaelias.com |language=en-US}}</ref>