Editing Martin Heidegger (section)

==Life==

===Early years===
[[File:Geburtshaus Heidegger Sonne.JPG|thumb|left|The Mesnerhaus in [[Meßkirch]], where Heidegger grew up]]
Heidegger was born on 26 September 1889 in rural [[Meßkirch]], [[Grand Duchy of Baden|Baden]], the son of Johanna (Kempf) and Friedrich Heidegger. His father was the [[Sexton (office)|sexton]] of the village church, and the young Martin was raised [[Roman Catholic]].{{sfn|Inwood|2019|loc=chapter 1}}

In 1903, Heidegger began to train for the [[priesthood]]. He entered a [[Jesuit]] [[seminary]] in 1909, but was discharged within weeks because of heart trouble. It was during this time that he first encountered the work of [[Franz Brentano]]. From here he went on to study theology and [[scholastic philosophy]] at the [[Albert-Ludwigs-Universität|University of Freiburg]].{{sfn|Inwood|2019|loc=chapter 1}}

In 1911, he broke off training for the priesthood and turned his attention to recent philosophy, in particular, [[Edmund Husserl]]'s ''Logical Investigations''. He graduated with a thesis on [[psychologism]], ''The Doctrine of Judgment in Psychologism: A Critical-theoretical Contribution to Logic'', in 1914. The following year, he completed his [[habilitation thesis]] on [[Duns Scotus]], which was directed by [[Heinrich Rickert]], a [[Neo-Kantian]], and influenced by Husserl's [[Phenomenology (philosophy)|phenomenology]].{{sfn|Alfieri|2015|page=6}}{{sfn|Inwood|2019|loc=chapter 1}}{{sfn|Luft|2015|page=461}} The title has been published in several languages and in English is ''Duns Scotus's Doctrine of Categories and Meaning''.<ref>[https://search.worldcat.org/en/title/1330198203 Worldcat website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201213753/https://search.worldcat.org/en/title/1330198203 |date=1 December 2023 }} Retrieved 27 November 2023.</ref>

He attempted to get the (Catholic) philosophy post at the University of Freiburg on 23 June 1916 but failed despite the support of {{Interlanguage link|Heinrich Finke|de|lt=Heinrich Finke}}.{{sfn|Altman|2012|page=79}} Instead, he worked first as an unsalaried [[Privatdozent]] then served as a soldier during the final year of [[World War I]]. His service was in the last ten months of the war, most of which he spent in meteorological unit on the [[Western Front (World War I)|western front]] upon being deemed unfit for combat.{{sfn|Korab-Karpowicz|loc=§1}}{{sfn|Inwood|2019|loc=chapter 1}}

From 1919 to 1923, Heidegger taught courses at the [[University of Freiburg]].{{efn|See his published courses in ''[[Heidegger Gesamtausgabe|Gesamtausgabe]]. Early Freiburg lecture courses, 1919–1923.''}}{{Full citation needed|date=September 2024}} At this time he also became an assistant to Husserl, who had been a professor there since 1916.{{sfn|Inwood|2019|loc=chapter 1}}

===Marburg===
In 1923, Heidegger was elected to an [[Professor#Main positions 2|extraordinary professorship]] in philosophy at the [[University of Marburg]]. His colleagues there included [[Rudolf Bultmann]], [[Nicolai Hartmann]], [[Paul Tillich]], and [[Paul Natorp]].{{sfn|Gross|Kemmann|2005|page=65}} Heidegger's students at Marburg included [[Hans-Georg Gadamer]], [[Hannah Arendt]], [[Karl Löwith]], [[Gerhard Krüger (philosopher)|Gerhard Krüger]], [[Leo Strauss]], [[Jacob Klein (philosopher)|Jacob Klein]], [[Günther Anders]], and [[Hans Jonas]]. Following [[Aristotle]], he began to develop in his lectures the main theme of his philosophy: the question of the sense of being. He extended the concept of subject to the dimension of history and concrete [[existence]], which he found prefigured in such Christian thinkers as [[Paul of Tarsus]], [[Augustine of Hippo]], [[Martin Luther]], and [[Søren Kierkegaard]]. He also read the works of [[Wilhelm Dilthey]], Husserl, [[Max Scheler]], and [[Friedrich Nietzsche]].{{sfn|Wheeler|2020|loc=§1}}

In 1925, a 35-year-old Heidegger began what would be a four-year affair with Hannah Arendt, who was then 19 years old and his student. Like Blochmann, Arendt was Jewish. Heidegger and Arendt agreed to keep the details of the relationship a secret, preserving their letters, but keeping them unavailable.{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|p=50}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.themarginalian.org/2016/04/25/hannah-arendt-martin-heidegger-love-letters/|title=The Remarkable Love Letters of Hannah Arendt and Martin Heidegger|first=Maria|last=Popova|date=25 April 2016|access-date=24 January 2024|archive-date=24 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124183352/https://www.themarginalian.org/2016/04/25/hannah-arendt-martin-heidegger-love-letters/|url-status=live}}</ref> The affair was not widely known until 1995, when [[Elzbieta Ettinger]] gained access to the sealed correspondence. Nevertheless, Arendt faced criticism for her association with Heidegger after his election as [[Rector (academia)|rector]] at the University of Freiburg in 1933.

In 1927, Heidegger published his main work, ''[[Being and Time|Sein und Zeit]]'' (''Being and Time''). He was primarily concerned to qualify to be a full professor.{{sfn|Inwood|2019|loc=chapter 1}} The book, however, did more than this: it raised him to "a position of international intellectual visibility."{{sfn|Wheeler|2020|loc=§1}}

===Freiburg===
When Husserl retired as professor of philosophy in 1928, Heidegger accepted Freiburg's election to be his successor, in spite of a counter-offer by Marburg. The title of his 1929 inaugural lecture was "What is Metaphysics?" In this year he also published ''[[Kant and the Problem of Metaphysics]]''.{{sfn|Inwood|2019|loc=chapter 1}}

Heidegger remained at [[Freiburg im Breisgau]] for the rest of his life, declining later offers including one from [[Humboldt University of Berlin]]. His students at Freiburg included Hannah Arendt, [[Günther Anders]], [[Hans Jonas]], [[Karl Löwith]], [[Charles Malik]], [[Herbert Marcuse]], and [[Ernst Nolte]].{{sfn|Wolin|2015}}{{sfn|Fleischacker|2008}} [[Emmanuel Levinas]] attended his lecture courses during his stay in Freiburg in 1928, as did [[Jan Patočka]] in 1933; Patočka in particular was deeply influenced by him.{{sfn|Steinfels|1995}}{{sfn|Findlay|2002|page=32}}

Heidegger was elected rector of the university on 21 April 1933; he joined the [[Nazi Party]] on 1 May, just three months after [[Adolf Hitler]] was appointed chancellor.{{sfn|Bambach|2003|page=82}}{{sfn|Inwood|2019|loc=chapter 1}} During his time as rector he was a member and an enthusiastic supporter of the party.{{sfn|Hemming|2013|loc=chapter 7}}{{sfn|Farin|2016}} There is continuing controversy as to [[Martin Heidegger and Nazism|the relationship between his philosophy and his political allegiance to Nazism]].{{sfn|Sheehan|1988}} He wanted to position himself as the philosopher of the party, but the highly abstract nature of his work and the opposition of [[Alfred Rosenberg]], who himself aspired to act in that position, limited Heidegger's role. His withdrawal from his position as rector owed more to his frustration as an administrator than to any principled opposition to the Nazis, according to historians.{{sfn|Evans|2005|pages=419–22}} In his inaugural address as rector on 27 May he expressed his support of a German revolution, and in an article and a speech to the students from the same year he also supported Adolf Hitler.{{sfn|Young|1998|pages=3, 11}} In November 1933, Heidegger signed the ''[[Vow of allegiance of the Professors of the German Universities and High-Schools to Adolf Hitler and the National Socialistic State]]''. Heidegger resigned from the rectorate in April 1934, but remained a member of the Nazi Party until 1945 even though the Nazis eventually prevented him from publishing.{{sfn|Young|1998|page=3}}

In 1935, he gave the talk "[[The Origin of the Work of Art]]". The next year, while in Rome, Heidegger gave his first lecture on [[Friedrich Hölderlin]]. In the years 1936{{ndash}}1937, Heidegger wrote what some commentators consider his second greatest work, ''[[Contributions to Philosophy]]''; it would not be published, however, until 1989, 13 years after his death.{{sfn|Wheeler|2020|loc=§1}}

From 1936 to 1940, Heidegger also delivered a series of lectures on [[Friedrich Nietzsche]] at Freiburg that presented much of the raw material incorporated in his more established work and thought from this time. These would appear in published form in 1961. This period also marks the beginning of his interest in the "[[The Question Concerning Technology|essence of technology"]].{{sfn|Inwood|2019|loc=chapter 1}}

In the autumn of 1944, Heidegger was drafted into the ''[[Volkssturm]]'' and assigned to dig anti-tank ditches along the [[Rhine]].{{sfn|Inwood|2014}}

===Post-war===
In late 1946, as France engaged in ''[[épuration légale]]'' in its [[occupation of Germany|occupation zone]], the French military authorities determined that Heidegger should be blocked from teaching or participating in any university activities because of his association with the Nazi Party.{{efn|Provisional ruling October 5, 1946; final ruling December 28, 1946; Hugo Ott, Martin Heidegger: A Political Life, (Harper Collins, 1993, page 348).}} Nevertheless, he presented the talk "What are Poets for?" in memory of [[Rilke]]. He also published "On Humanism" in 1947 to clarify his differences with [[Jean-Paul Sartre]] and French [[existentialism]]. The [[denazification]] procedures against Heidegger continued until March 1949 when he was finally pronounced a ''[[Mitläufer]]'' (the second lowest of five categories of "incrimination" by association with the Nazi regime). No punitive measures against him were proposed.{{sfn|Safranski|1998}} This opened the way for his readmission to teaching at Freiburg University in the winter semester of 1950–51.{{sfn|Safranski|1998|page=373}} He was granted emeritus status and then taught regularly from 1951 until 1958, and by invitation until 1967.

In 1966, he gave an interview to ''[[Der Spiegel]]'' attempting to justify his support of the Nazi Party. Per their agreement, it was not published until five days after his death in 1976, under the title "[[Only a God Can Save Us]]" after a reference to Hölderlin that Heidegger makes during the interview.{{sfn|Inwood|2019|loc=chapter 1}}

Heidegger's publications during this time were mostly reworked versions of his lectures. In his last days, he also arranged for a complete edition of his works to be compiled and published. Its first volume appeared in 1975. As of 2019,{{Update inline|date=September 2024}} the edition is almost complete at over 100 volumes.{{sfn|Inwood|2019|loc=chapter 1}}