Editing Martin Bucer (section)

==Historical context==
[[Image:Saxony and cities Bucer.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Map showing the two partitions that made up Saxony in green and pink. Saxony had long been divided into two principalities, one of which, with its capital at Wittenberg, was an [[Electoral Saxony|electorate]]. Charles V transferred the electorate and much of its territory to Albertine Saxony in 1547 after the defeat of the [[Schmalkaldic League]] and [[John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony]]. Hesse was to the west of Saxony. Important cities that Bucer visited are shown in red.]]
In the 16th century, the [[Holy Roman Empire]] was a centralised state in name only.  The Empire was divided into many princely and city states that provided a powerful check on the rule of the [[Holy Roman Emperor]].  The division of power between the emperor and the various states made the [[Protestant Reformation|Reformation]] in Germany possible, as individual states defended reformers within their territories. In the [[Electorate of Saxony]], [[Martin Luther]] was supported by the elector [[Frederick III, Elector of Saxony|Frederick III]] and his successors [[John, Elector of Saxony|John]] and [[John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony|John Frederick]]. [[Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse]]—whose lands lay midway between Saxony and the Rhine—also supported the Reformation, and he figured prominently in the lives of both Luther and Bucer. The Emperor [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] had to balance the demands of his imperial subjects. At the same time, he was often distracted by war with France and the [[Ottoman Empire]] and in Italy. The political rivalry among all the players greatly influenced the ecclesiastical developments within the Empire.{{Sfn |Greschat | 2004 |pp= 87–9}}

In addition to the princely states, [[free imperial city|free imperial cities]], nominally under the control of the Emperor but really ruled by councils that acted like sovereign governments,{{Sfn |Dickens| 1974|p= 134}} were scattered throughout the Empire. As the Reformation took root, clashes broke out in many cities between local reformers and conservative city magistrates. It was in a free imperial city, [[Strasbourg]], that Martin Bucer began his work. Located on the western frontier of the Empire, Strasbourg was closely allied with the Swiss cities that had thrown off the imperial yoke. Some had adopted a reformed religion distinct from Lutheranism, in which [[Renaissance humanism|humanist]] social concepts and the communal ethic played a greater role.{{Sfn |Dickens|1974|pp=146, 190–3}}  Along with a group of free imperial cities in the south and west of the German lands, Strasbourg followed this pattern of Reformation. It was ruled by a complex local government largely under the control of a few powerful families and wealthy guildsmen. In Bucer's time, social unrest was growing as lower-level [[artisan]]s resented their social immobility and the widening income gap.  The citizens may not have planned revolution, but they were receptive to new ideas that might transform their lives.{{Sfn |Greschat|2004|pp=47–50, 89}}