Editing Marshall County, West Virginia (section)

==History==
===Prehistory===
[[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] occupied the area along the narrows of the [[Ohio River]] by 250 BCE and the [[Adena culture]] constructed the [[Grave Creek Mound]] by 100 B.C.E., which was the highest conical burial mound in what came to be the United States, with only that in [[Miamisburg, Ohio]] of even comparable size.<ref>Marshall County Historical Society, History of Marshall County, West Virginia 1984 (third printing 1989) pp. 6, 8.</ref>
However, by the 18th century the area contained no permanent settlements. Tribes which hunted, foraged and made war in the area by that time included the [[Algonquian languages|Algonquian language]] speaking [[Delaware Nation|Delaware]], [[Odawa people|Ottawa]], [[Miami people|Miami]] and [[Shawnee]], and the [[Iroquoian language]] speaking [[Cherokee]], [[Iroquois]], [[Mingo]], [[Mohawk people|Mohawk]], [[Wyandot people|Wyandot/Huron]] and [[Seneca people|Seneca]]. 

Two major trails intersected in what would become Marshall County. One was a major roughly north–south path sometimes known as the [[Great Indian Warpath]] (other names included the "Great Catawba War Path", "Cherokee Path" or "Tennessee Path") which ran along the [[Great Appalachian Valley]] from what became [[Olean, New York]] through [[Uniontown, Pennsylvania]] and then split after crossing the Ohio River, such that various branches (in what became West Virginia) reached the [[Kanawha River]] or the [[Cheat River]] before proceeding southwest to Kentucky and Tennessee, or southeast toward the Carolinas and/or Alabama. Another major trail, more distinct in this area and proceeding east–west, was sometimes known as Braddock's Road or [[Nemacolin's Path]] after the native chieftain and trailblazer who assisted General Braddock and George Washington during their unsuccessful march through the [[Cumberland Narrows]] pass in the Appalachian Mountains seeking to capture [[Fort Duquesne]] in 1755. In 1811 this path was developed through Marshall County into the [[National Road]] as discussed below.

===Emigration and conflict===
In 1752, according to [[Christopher Gist]]'s diary, Gist explored the Ohio River Valley area in what became Marshall County on behalf of the [[Ohio Company]], a group of [[Virginia]] investors, before the conflict which became known as the [[French and Indian War]]. The French explorer Sieur De la Salle had traveled on the Ohio River in 1669, and Captain [[Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville|deBlainville]] had buried lead plates staking France's claim to the valley in 1749. English speakers attempted to strengthen their claims initially by settlement, much to the displeasure of local Native Americans. The British government prohibited colonists from officially settling in the area in the 1763 peace treaty following that war.<ref name="Marshall County 1984 History p. 10">Marshall County 1984 History, p. 10.</ref>

Nonetheless, emigrants crossed the mountains. John Wetzel staked a claim along [[Wheeling Creek (West Virginia)|Wheeling Creek]] in what is now Marshall County's Sand Hill District in 1764 (building a fortification by 1769). The British concluded the [[Treaty of Fort Stanwix]] with the [[Iroquois]] in 1768, which purported to give them this area and much of the Ohio River valley, despite the claims of other native peoples, particularly the Algonquian-speaking tribes. The Zane brothers ([[Ebenezer Zane|Ebenezer]], and later Andrew, Jonathan and Silas) built cabins at the confluence of Wheeling Creek and the Ohio River in 1770, and their settlement decades later became [[Wheeling, West Virginia|Wheeling]]. Joseph, James and Samuel Tomlinson built a cabin on the Flats of [[Grave Creek (West Virginia)|Grave Creek]] at what became [[Moundsville, West Virginia|Moundsville]] around the same time, but experienced "Indian troubles" upon returning the following spring, and despite fortifying it, left until 1773. In 1774, Native Americans decided to drive the settlers from their valley and attacked Michael Cresap's settlement at Cresap's Bottom. The British colonists and military fortified [[Fort Henry (West Virginia)|Fort Fincastle]] at what became Wheeling and which was renamed "Fort Henry" during the [[American Revolutionary War]]. Cresap gathered other settlers and counterattacked, continuing what became locally called Cresap's War, or [[Dunmore's War]]. In the only pitched battle of that war (considerably downstream of Marshall County), Virginia militia led by colonel [[Andrew Lewis (soldier)|Andrew Lewis]] defeated outnumbered native warriors led by Shawnee Chief [[Cornstalk (Shawnee leader)|Cornstalk]] at the [[Battle of Point Pleasant]] on October 10, 1774.<ref name="Marshall County 1984 History p. 10" />

The large Ohio River valley area which Virginians called the [[District of West Augusta]] (the first county organized west of the [[Appalachian Mountains]]) sent two delegates to the Virginia convention in 1775, which eventually established the Commonwealth of Virginia. The District was governed from [[Fort Pitt (Pennsylvania)|Fort Dunmore]] (as Virginians renamed it by 1774, and which later became [[Pittsburgh]], [[Pennsylvania]]). In 1776, the [[Virginia General Assembly]] created the counties of [[Ohio County, West Virginia|Ohio]], [[Monongalia County, West Virginia|Monongalia]] and [[Yohogania County|Yohogania]] from what had been the District of West Augusta. The Commonwealth of [[Pennsylvania]] also claimed much of this area, and established [[Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania|Westmoreland County]] with similar boundaries. Pennsylvania divided the area of Westmoreland County that Virginia considered Yohogania County into [[Fayette County, Pennsylvania|Fayette]] and [[Washington County, Pennsylvania|Washington Counties]] in 1781 and 1783. It also negotiated its border with Maryland, and only ceded the area south of the [[Mason–Dixon line]] to the United States in 1787, when Virginia ceded its claims north of the Ohio River as well, allowing the Continental Congress to establish the [[Northwest Territory]] from the area west of both states' reduced claims.

Meanwhile, during the ongoing raids from Native Americans and their British allies, particularly during 1777, many settlers (including in what became Marshall County) left smaller blockhouses and retreated to [[Redstone Old Fort|Fort Redstone]] at [[Brownsville, Pennsylvania]] until the end of the [[American Revolutionary War]].<ref>Scott Powell, History of Marshall County, West Virginia (1925; reprinted by Heritage Books Inc. 1998) pp. 14–17 {{ISBN|0-7884-0920-4}}</ref> Nonetheless, hostilities continued, as the Wetzel brothers repulsed a raid on Beeler's Station in 1782.<ref name="wvculture.org">[http://www.wvculture.org/History/wvmemory/hmresults.aspx?County=Marshall&Title History. County Marshall] wvculture.org</ref> In 1784, General [[George Washington]] was among the veteran patriots who bought or established land claims in Ohio County (in what later became Marshall County) as the revolutionary war ended. [[Lawrenceville, West Virginia|Clark's Fort]] had been built in 1779 on Wheeling Creek at what became the Pennsylvania/Virginia boundary.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2, 2021 |title=Lawrenceville, West Virginia &#124; Discovering Lewis & Clark ® |url=https://www.lewis-clark.org/article/2966}}</ref> Several additional blockhouses and forts were built in 1784, including Baker's Station at [[Cresap, West Virginia|Cresap]] (where the Warrior's Trail reached the Ohio River), and another Clark's Fort at [[Sherrard, West Virginia|Sherrard]] (on Wheeling Creek at what became the intersection of routes 88 and 86), and Martin's Fort and Himes Blockhouse where Fish Creek joined the Ohio River. John Wetzel died during a raid on Baker's Station in 1787.<ref name="wvculture.org" />

Hostilities with local tribes did not formally end until the [[Treaty of Greenville]] in 1795.<ref>Marshall County 1984 History, pp. 8–10.</ref> The following year the Virginia General Assembly split off the northernmost part of Ohio County as [[Brooke County, West Virginia|Brooke County]], but what became Marshall County remained in Ohio County. (Point Pleasant, the location of the critical 1774 battle became a different county's seat when [[Mason County, West Virginia|Mason County]] was split from [[Kanawha County, West Virginia|Kanawha County]] in 1804.)

===Towns, roads and railroads===
The first town in what became Marshall County, Elizabethtown (which would later become Moundsville), was established in 1798 and named for Joseph Tomlinson's wife. In 1831 a second community, Mound City, was established across Grave Creek, which ultimately joined with the first and jointly became known as Moundsville. A road between Wheeling and Elizabethtown was opened through the efforts of Ohio County officials in 1810. The following year, the U.S. Congress began funding construction of the [[National Road]], running from [[Cumberland, Maryland]] across the [[Appalachian Mountains]] to [[Uniontown, Pennsylvania]] and [[Washington, Pennsylvania]] then [[Wheeling, West Virginia|Wheeling]] and points westward. The road reached Wheeling (upstream from Elizabethtown) in 1818, and in 1830 Congress authorized rebuilding and improvement of the road using [[macadam]]. This led to the establishment of taverns and inns, including in Marshall County, although Wheeling (at the end of the Ohio River narrows as well as where the National Road crossed the Ohio River) would become the only city developed in Ohio County in this era. The National Road received additional impetus when the [[Wheeling Suspension Bridge]] across the Ohio River was completed in 1848, although by this time railroad and steamboat technology had improved and superseded the roadway.

The Virginia General Assembly created Marshall County from part of Ohio County on March 12, 1835, the same year Congress gave the National Road (and its maintenance responsibilities) to the states. It was named in honor of [[John Marshall]], Chief Justice of the [[History of the Supreme Court of the United States|United States Supreme Court]], who died that year.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gannett |first=Henry |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9V1IAAAAMAAJ |title=The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |year=1905 |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9V1IAAAAMAAJ/page/n199 200]}}</ref> Its local government was organized in June, with its county seat at Elizabethtown. Jacob Burley, Benjamin McMechen, John Parriott, Samuel Howard and Zadock Masters became the new county's first Justices of the Peace, and Elbert H. Caldwell was selected as first Commonwealth attorney.<ref>Marshall County 1925 History, pp. 105–107.</ref> The first courthouse was finished the following year, and replaced in 1875. The building was the seat of county government, and underwent major renovations in 1974.<ref name="ReferenceA">Marshall County 1984 History, pp. 12–13.</ref>

Agriculture was the main industry during the first decades of Marshall County history, but trade continued along the Ohio River and the National Road. Early businesses included the River Shore Flour Mill (1832) and the Mound City Flour Mill (1845).<ref name="ReferenceA" /> Marshall County's first newspaper began printing in Elizabethtown in 1831.

An iron forge was established at [[Benwood, West Virginia|Benwood]] near the Ohio river and Wheeling/Ohio County border in 1850, and that industrial area would develop following the Civil War.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marshall County history sources |url=http://www.wvculture.org/history/archives/counties/marshall.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413134610/http://www.wvculture.org/history/archives/counties/marshall.html |archive-date=April 13, 2016}}</ref> The [[Baltimore and Ohio Railroad]] reached the Ohio River when two construction crews met at [[Rosbys Rock, West Virginia|Rosbys Rock]] in Marshall County about five miles from Moundsville on December 24, 1852.<ref>{{Cite web |title=E-WV &#124; Rosbys Rock |url=https://www.wvencyclopedia.org/articles/127}}</ref> In 1857, the railroad first crossed the Ohio river downstream, near [[Parkersburg, West Virginia|Parkersburg]]. Although both towns and the railroad proposed a bridge linking Benwood and [[Bellaire, Ohio]] long before, litigation by the pre-existing ferry company as well as the Civil War discussed below, meant the bridge was not completed until 1870, although refurbished, the [[B & O Railroad Viaduct]] remains in use today and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.

===Civil War===
The Civil War divided Marshall County. Western Virginian [[Southern Unionists]] collected in the [[Wheeling Convention]] after the [[Virginia Secession Convention]] of April 1861. Jacob Burley's son, a farmer and [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]] who also served as sheriff and then local Justice of the Peace since 1850, [[James Burley]] had been easily elected as Marshall County's delegate at the Secession Convention. His father-in-law was Bushrod W. Price, who had served as delegate in the Virginia General Assembly.<ref>NRIS for [[Bushrod Washington Price House]] at Section 8 p. 3 available at http://www.wvculture.org/shpo/nr/pdf/marshall/95001326.pdf</ref> Burley voted against secession during both votes, which caused the secessionists to expel him from that convention, but he later won election to the West Virginia Senate in 1863 and 1867.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Biographical Sketches: James Burley |url=http://www.wvculture.org/history/sesquicentennial/bioburleyjames.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908011834/http://www.wvculture.org/history/sesquicentennial/bioburleyjames.html |archive-date=September 8, 2015}}</ref> Marshall County's delegates to the Wheeling Convention included Remembrance Swan (whose son Remembrance M. Swan would fight for the Union as an Iowa volunteer),<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Leckey |first1=Howard L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UM7gBFLDzvkC&q=remembrance+swan+west+virginia&pg=PA173 |title=The Tenmile Country and Its Pioneer Families |last2=Leckey |date=June 2009 |publisher=Genealogical Publishing Com |isbn=9780806350974}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 25, 2010 |title=Civil War Notebook: Remembrance M. Swan |url=http://civilwarnotebook.blogspot.com/2010/08/remembrance-m-swan.html}}</ref> C. H. Caldwell and Robert Morris. Ultimately, the Wheeling Convention process led to the creation of the State of West Virginia in 1863.

Meanwhile, [[James M. Hoge]], who had briefly been Elbert Caldwell's successor as the Marshall County commonwealth attorney, but who moved downriver and owned slaves in [[Putnam County, West Virginia|Putnam County]] (which sent no delegates to the Wheeling Convention) was elected by Marshall County Confederate troops as Marshall County's delegate in the Virginia General Assembly.

Marshall was one of fifty Virginia counties that were admitted to the Union as the state of West Virginia, at the height of the war on June 20, 1863. Later that year, the counties were divided into [[civil township]]s, with the intention of encouraging local government. This proved impractical in the heavily rural state, and the townships would be converted into [[minor civil division|magisterial districts]] in 1872.<ref>Otis K. Rice & Stephen W. Brown, ''West Virginia: A History'', 2nd ed., University Press of Kentucky, Lexington (1993), p. 240.</ref> Marshall County was initially divided into nine townships: Cameron, Clay, Franklin, Liberty, Meade, Sand Hill, Union, Washington, and Webster.<ref name="Census Bureau MCD">[[United States Census Bureau]], [[United States Census|U.S. Decennial Census]], Tables of Minor Civil Divisions in West Virginia, 1870–2010.</ref>

===Postwar===
In 1866, after prisoners escaped from local jails, West Virginia's legislature authorized the purchase of land in Moundsville for the new state's penitentiary. The wooden structure was replaced by a gothic-style stone and brick building ([[West Virginia Penitentiary]] now operated as a tourist attraction), probably modeled upon a [[Joliet Correctional Center|facility]] opened in 1858 in [[Joliet, Illinois]]. It remained West Virginia's maximum security penitentiary from 1876 until 1995 (with a section for female inmates until construction of a separate facility in the 1940s). A more modern set of buildings at the town's outskirts is now the northern regional jail. The Marshall County courthouse was rebuilt in 1876.

The [[U.S. Army Corps of Engineers]] had dealt with flooding on the Ohio River as interference to navigation long before the American Civil War, and in 1870 adopted a plan for construction of 13 locks and dams between Pittsburgh and Wheeling, and a few years later Congress authorized funding of a new prototype with adjustable gates near Pittsburgh to secure a 6-foot water flow. As the 20th century began, a series of appropriations funded 18 locks and dams, finally finished in 1929. These were built for flood control, and the canals of 9-foot depth between them facilitated transportation of heavy raw materials (including coal and iron ore) and finished goods (including steel). The [[McMechen Lockmaster Houses on the Ohio River]] (built in Marshall County in 1911) are among the few that remain (and have been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1992).

In 1872, Marshall County's nine townships were converted into magisterial districts. Their names and boundaries remained largely unchanged, with only minor adjustments over the next century. In the 1970s, Marshall's nine historic districts were consolidated into three new magisterial districts: District 1, District 2, and District 3.<ref name="Census Bureau MCD" />

In the late 19th century, several industries, including manufacturers of brooms, buggy whips, bricks, building supplies, steel and glassware developed in Marshall County. In 1892, the Fostoria Glass Company began producing quality tableware in Moundsville (the plant closed in 1986), and in 1901 the United States Stamping Company began producing enameled cooking ware. In the former sheep-farming community of [[Glen Dale, West Virginia|Glen Dale]], Wheeling Metal and Manufacturing Company opened a plant in 1904. Industries which developed locally in the early 20th century included: paper box manufacturing, building materials, pottery, well-drilling tools, women's clothing, guns, and chemicals (in World War II). Most of the buildings in the [[Moundsville Commercial Historic District]] date from the late 19th and early 20th centuries. On April 28, 1924, a mine in [[Benwood, West Virginia|Benwood]] that supplied Wheeling Steel experienced the then-worst mining disaster in West Virginia history, killing an entire shift (119 men; now the state's third worst mining disaster). Between the 1890s and 1941, Benwood, [[McMechen, West Virginia|McMechen]], and Moundsville were connected by an electric railway. Coal mining remains important in Marshall County, with two mines producing 9.1 million tons of coal in 2009.<ref name="wvencyclopedia.org">{{Cite web |title=E-WV &#124; Marshall County |url=https://www.wvencyclopedia.org/articles/1521}}</ref>

In 1924, Marshall County elected the first woman to serve as a West Virginia legislator, Dr. [[Harriet B. Jones]]. On August 4, 1927, Charles Lindbergh landed near Moundsville, and by the decade's end the [[Fokker|Fokker Aircraft Company]] established a plant, which became a major employer in the area, and in 1934 was transformed into a toy factory (which closed in 1980).<ref name="wvencyclopedia.org" /> Part of northern Marshall County is now within the city of Wheeling.

In 1968, [[A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada]] established [[New Vrindaban]] near the historic village of [[Limestone, West Virginia|Limestone]]. In 1972, his followers built [[Prabhupada's Palace of Gold]]. Both have now become tourist attractions, although New Vrindaban also operates a substantial farm.