Editing Marrano (section)

==Etymology==
[[File:First Cemetery of the Spanish and Portuguese Synagogue, Shearith Israel (1656-1833) in Manhattan, New York City.jpg|thumb|[[First Shearith Israel Graveyard|First Cemetery of the Spanish and Portuguese Synagogue, Shearith Israel]] (1656–1833), in Manhattan, New York City]]

The origin of the term ''Marrano'' as applied to [[crypto-Jews]] is unclear, since there have been several proposed etymologies in addition to swine. 

The [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] word for {{lang|he|מְשֻׁמָּד‎}} ''[[Heresy in Judaism|Meshumad]]'', literally standing for "self-destroyed" or a heretic to Judaism, for a Jew who deliberately rebels against the observance of Jewish law.

The main difference between a ''[[Apostasy in Judaism|Min]]'', a ''Meshumad'', and the ''[[Anusim]]'' is that the act of abandonment of [[Judaism]] is voluntary for a Min and a Meshumad, while for the Anusim it is not.

One source of the term derives from an [[Arabic language|Arabic]] word for "forbidden, illicit",<ref name="EncycReligion">{{cite book |last=Melammed |first=Renée Levine |date=2005 |editor-last=Jones |editor-first=Lindsay |title=Encyclopedia of Religion |chapter=Marranos |volume=8 |publisher=McMillan Reference |pages=5716}}</ref> {{lang|ar|مُحَرّمٌ}} ''[[Haram|Muḥarram]]''.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}} The Arabic word in this context means "swine" or "pork", and either expresses the same repulsion towards the converts that the converts previously had for such ritually unclean meat.<ref name="EncycReligion"/> 

However, as applied to Crypto-Jews, the term Marrano derives from the Spanish & Portuguese verb "marrar" and "amarrar" meaning "to fail", "to plan to go wrong", "to break away", "to defraud", "to target", "to tie up", "to refrain", "to deviate", "to clinch", "to moor", illuminating that those targeted and forced by the Spanish Crown had no choice but to adopt Christianity, either leave the Kingdom of Spain all while the Crown seized their property and money and gave them no support to leave, be murdered either for not showing complete loyalty to Christianity or for leaving Spain and coming back showing that these Jews were traitors to the Spanish Crown.<ref>SpanishDictionary.com. (n.d.). https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/marrar</ref><ref>SpanishDictionary.com. (n.d.-a). https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/amarrar </ref> 

It also has Arabic origin meaning "to deviate" or "to err", in the sense that they deviated from their newly adopted faith by secretly continuing to practice Judaism. A third origin has been cited from [[Galician-Portuguese]], where ''marrar'' means "to force" and ''marrano'' means "forced one", indicating the compulsory nature of the religious conversions.<ref name="Primack"/> José Meir Estrugo Hazán writes in his book ''Los Sefardíes''<ref>José Meir Estrugo Hazán, ''Los Sefardíes'' (The Sephardim), {{ISBN|84-8472-034-9}}</ref> that "marrano" is the term the Spanish Jews prefer.