Editing Marc-Antoine Charpentier (section)

==Biography==
Charpentier was born in or near Paris, the son of a master scribe who had very good connections to influential families in the [[Parlement of Paris]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ranumspanat.com/html%20pages/birthdate.html |title=His Birth Year |publisher=Ranumspanat.com |access-date=14 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403231100/http://ranumspanat.com/html%20pages/birthdate.html |archive-date=3 April 2012}}</ref><ref>For his family, see Patricia M. Ranum, ''Portraits around Marc-Antoine Charpentier'' (Baltimore, 2004) pp. 517–23</ref> Marc-Antoine received a very good education, perhaps with the help of the Jesuits, and registered for law school in Paris when he was eighteen.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ranumspanat.com/law_faculty_register.htm |title=Law faculty register |access-date=16 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403230954/http://ranumspanat.com/law_faculty_register.htm |archive-date=3 April 2012 }}</ref> He withdrew after one semester. He spent "two or three years" in Rome, probably between 1667 and 1669,<ref>Patricia M. Ranum, ''Portraits around Marc-Antoine Charpentier'', pp. 525–33; and Jean Lionnet, "Charpentier à Rome, in [[Catherine Cessac]], ed., ''Marc-Antoine Charpentier, un musicien retrouvé'' (Sprimont: Mardaga, 2005), pp. 74–84</ref> and studied with [[Giacomo Carissimi]]. He is also known to have been in contact with poet-musician [[Charles Coypeau d'Assoucy]], who was composing for the French Embassy in Rome. A legend claims that Charpentier initially traveled to Rome to study painting before he was discovered by Carissimi. This story is undocumented and possibly untrue; at any rate, although his 28 volumes of autograph manuscripts reveal considerable skill at tracing the arabesques used by professional scribes, they contain not a single drawing, not even a rudimentary sketch. Regardless, he acquired a solid knowledge of contemporary Italian musical practice and brought it back to France.

Immediately on his return to France, Charpentier probably began working as house composer to [[Marie de Lorraine, Duchess of Guise|Marie de Lorraine, duchesse de Guise]], who was known familiarly as "Mlle de Guise." She gave him an "apartment" in the recently renovated Hôtel de Guise – strong evidence that Charpentier was not a paid domestic who slept in a small room in the vast residence, but was instead a courtier who occupied one of the new apartments in the stable wing.<ref>Patricia M. Ranum, ''Portraits around Marc-Antoine Charpentier'', pp. 533ff; Patricia M. Ranum, "Le mécénat musical de Mademoiselle de Guise (1670–1688), in Yvonne Bellenger, ed., ''Le Mécénat et l'influence des Guises'' (Paris: Champion, 1997), pp. 613–38; Patricia M. Ranum, "Mademoiselle de Guise, ou les défis de la quenouille," ''XVIIe Siècle'' (1984), pp. 221–32</ref>

For the next seventeen years, Charpentier composed a considerable quantity of vocal works for her,<ref>Patricia M. Ranum, ''Portraits around Marc-Antoine Charpentier'', pp. 377–78, 426–54, 536–80</ref> among them Psalm settings, [[hymn]]s, motets, a [[Magnificat]] setting, a [[mass (music)|mass]] and a ''[[Dies Irae]]'' for the funeral of her nephew [[Louis Joseph, Duke of Guise]],<ref>Patricia M. Ranum, ''Portraits around Marc-Antoine Charpentier'', pp. 401–403</ref> and a succession of Italianate oratorios set to non-liturgical Latin texts. (Charpentier preferred the Latin ''canticum'' to the Italian term, ''oratorio''). Throughout the 1670s, the bulk of these works were for trios.<ref>Patricia M. Ranum, ''Portraits around Marc-Antoine Charpentier'', pp. 190–201, 552ff. See also Patricia M. Ranum, "Charting Charpentier's 'Worlds' through his Mélanges," in Shirley Thompson, ed., ''New Perspectives on Marc-Antoine Charpentier'' (Farnham: Ashgate, 2010), pp. 1–29, especially pp. 13–22, 26–27</ref> The usual trio was two women and a singing bass, plus two treble instruments and continuo; but when performance in the chapel of a male monastic community required male voices, he would write for an [[haute-contre]]<!-- (himself?)-->, a tenor and a bass, plus the same instruments. Then, about 1680, Mlle de Guise increased the size of the ensemble, until it included 13 performers and a singing teacher. In the pieces written from 1684 until late 1687, the names of the Guise musicians appear as marginalia in Charpentier's manuscripts – including "Charp" beside the haute-contre line.<ref>Patricia M. Ranum, "A Sweet Servitude: A Musician's life at the Court of Mlle de Guise", ''Early Music'', 15 (1987), pp. 346–60; and Patricia M. Ranum, ''Portraits around Marc-Antoine Charpentier'', pp. 190–201</ref> [[Étienne Loulié]], the senior instrumentalist who played keyboard, recorder and viole, probably was entrusted with coaching the newer instrumentalists.

Despite what is often asserted, during his seventeen years in the service of Mlle de Guise, Charpentier was not the "director" of the Guise ensemble. The director was a gentleman of Mlle de Guise's court, an amateur musician, Italophile, and Latinist named [[Philippe Goibaut]], familiarly called ''Monsieur Du Bois.'' Owing to Mlle de Guise's love for Italian music (a passion she shared with Du Bois), and her frequent entertaining of Italians passing through Paris,<ref>Patricia M. Ranum, "Un 'foyer d'italianisme' chez les Guises: Quelques réflexions sur les oratorios de Charpentier," in [[Catherine Cessac]], ed., ''Marc-Antoine Charpentier, un musicien retrouvé'' (Sprimont: Mardaga, 2005), pp. 85–109</ref> there was little reason for Charpentier to conceal the Italianisms he had learned in Rome.<!--(Did Du Bois write the Latin libretti for all those Italianate oratorios?)-->

During his years of service to Mlle de Guise, Charpentier also composed for [[Élisabeth Marguerite d'Orléans|"Mme de Guise"]], [[Louis XIV]]'s first cousin.<ref>Patricia M. Ranum, ''Portraits around Marc-Antoine Charpentier'', pp. 419–25, 574–80; Patricia M. Ranum, "Lully Plays Deaf: Rereading the evidence on his privilege," in John Hajdu Heyer, ed., ''Lully Studies'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), pp. 15–31</ref> It was in large part owing to Mme de Guise's protection that the Guise musicians were permitted to perform Charpentier's chamber operas in defiance of the monopoly held by [[Jean Baptiste Lully]]. Most of the operas and ''pastorales'' in French, which date from 1684 to 1687, appear to have been commissioned by Mme de Guise for performance at court entertainments during the winter season; but Mlle de Guise doubtlessly included them in the entertainments she sponsored several times a week in her palatial Parisian residence.

[[File:MA Charpentier II.jpg|thumb|upright|A recently discovered portrait, inscribed by the artist as representing Charpentier, but dating circa 1750,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ranumspanat.com/portrait_charpentier.htm |title=New Portrait |publisher=Ranumspanat.com |access-date=14 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502033218/http://ranumspanat.com/portrait_charpentier.htm |archive-date=2 May 2014}}</ref> about 40 years after his death.]]
By late 1687, Mlle de Guise was dying. Around that time, Charpentier entered the employ of the [[Jesuits]]. Indeed, he is not named in the princess's will of March 1688, nor in the papers of her estate, which is strong evidence that she had already rewarded her loyal servant and approved of his departure.

During his seventeen-odd years at the Hôtel de Guise, Charpentier had written almost as many pages of music for outside commissions as he had for Mlle de Guise. (He routinely copied these outside commissions in notebooks with Roman numerals.) For example, after [[Molière]]'s falling out with [[Jean-Baptiste Lully]] in 1672, Charpentier had begun writing incidental music for the spoken theater of Molière. It probably was owing to pressure on Molière exerted by [[Mlle de Guise]] and by young [[Mme de Guise]] that the playwright took the commission for incidental music for ''Le Malade imaginaire'' away from [[Dassoucy]] and gave it to Charpentier. After Molière's death in 1673, Charpentier continued to write for the playwright's successors, [[Thomas Corneille]] and [[Jean Donneau de Visé]]. Play after play, he would compose pieces that demanded more musicians than the number authorized by Lully's monopoly over theatrical music. By 1685, the troop ceased flouting these restrictions. Their capitulation ended Charpentier's career as a composer for the spoken theater.<ref>Patricia M. Ranum, ''Portraits around Marc-Antoine Charpentier'', pp. 141–49, 170–76, 177–88, 546–48; John S. Powell, "Les conditions de représentation au théâtre Guénégud et à la Comédie-Française d'après les ''Mélanges''," in Catherine Cessac, ed., ''Les manuscrits autographes de Marc-Antoine Charpentier'' (Wavre: Mardaga, 2007), pp. 271–86</ref>

In 1679, Charpentier had been singled out to compose for Louis XIV's son, the [[Louis, Dauphin of France (1661–1711)|Dauphin]].<ref>Patricia M. Ranum, ''Portraits around Marc-Antoine Charpentier'', pp. 300–317</ref> Writing primarily for the prince's private chapel, he composed devotional pieces for a small ensemble composed of royal musicians: the two Pièche sisters singing with a bass named Frizon, and instruments played by the two Pièche brothers. In short, an ensemble that, with Mlle de Guise's permission, could perform works he had earlier composed for the Guises. By early 1683, when he was awarded a royal pension, Charpentier was being commissioned to write for court events such as the annual [[Corpus Christi (feast)|Corpus Christi]] procession. In April of that year, he became so ill that he had to withdraw from the competition for the sub-mastership of the royal chapel. Speculations that he withdrew because he knew he would not win seem disproved by his autograph notebooks: he wrote nothing at all from April through mid-August of that year, strong evidence that he was too ill to work.

From late 1687 to early 1698, Charpentier served as ''maître de musique'' (music master) to the Jesuits, working first for their ''collège'' of [[Louis-le-Grand]] (for which he wrote ''Celse martyr'',  ''[[David et Jonathas]]'' and where he was still employed in April 1691)<ref>Érik Kocevar, "L'orgue du collège Louis-le-Grand ... à la lumière d'un marché d'orgues inédit," ''Recherches'', 31 (2004–2007), pp. 165–180</ref> and then for the [[Église Saint-Paul-Saint-Louis|church of Saint-Louis]] adjacent to the order's [[professed house (Paris)|professed house]] on the rue Saint-Antoine.<ref>Patricia M. Ranum, ''Portraits around Marc-Antoine Charpentier'', pp. 227–40; Patricia M. Ranum, "Marc-Antoine Charpentier compositeur pour les Jésuites (1687–1698)," in Catherine Cessac, ed., ''Marc-Antoine Charpentier, un musicien retrouvé'' (Sprimont: Mardaga, 2005) pp. 231–46</ref> Once he moved to Saint-Louis, Charpentier virtually ceased writing oratorios and instead primarily wrote musical settings of psalms and other liturgical texts such as the Litanies of Loreto. During his years at Saint-Louis, his works tended to be for large ensembles that included paid singers from the Royal Opera. In addition, during these years Charpentier succeeded [[Étienne Loulié]] as music teacher to [[Philippe II, Duke of Orléans|Philippe, Duke of Chartres]].<ref>''Patricia M. Ranum, Portraits around Marc-Antoine Charpentier'', pp.324–27</ref>

Charpentier was appointed ''maître de musique'' for the [[Sainte-Chapelle (choir)|Sainte-Chapelle]] in Paris in 1698, a royal post he held until his death in 1704.<ref>Patricia M. Ranum, ''Portraits around Marc-Antoine Charpentier'', pp. 241–50</ref> One of his most famous compositions during his tenure was the Mass ''Assumpta Est Maria'' (H.11). That this work survived suggests that it was written for another entity, an entity that was entitled to call upon the musicians of the Chapel and reward them for their efforts. Indeed, virtually none of Charpentier's compositions from 1690 to 1704 have survived, because when the ''maître de musique'' died, the royal administration routinely confiscated everything he had written for the Chapel. Charpentier died at [[Sainte-Chapelle]], Paris, and was buried in the little walled-in cemetery just behind the choir of the chapel. (The cemetery no longer exists.)

In 1727, Charpentier's heirs sold his autograph manuscripts (28 folio volumes) to the Royal Library, today the [[Bibliothèque nationale de France]]. Commonly known as the ''Mélanges'', or ''Meslanges'', and now available as facsimiles published by Minkoff-France, these manuscripts were divided by Charpentier himself into two series of notebooks – one bearing Arabic numbers and the other Roman numbers, and each notebook numbered chronologically. These manuscripts (and their watermarks) have permitted scholars not only to date his compositions but also to determine the events for which many of these works were written.<ref>Patricia M. Ranum, ''Vers une chronologie des Œuvres de Marc-Antoine Charpentier'' (Baltimore, 1994); Patricia M. Ranum, ''Portraits around Marc-Antoine Charpentier'', pp. 81–88; Patricia M. Ranum, "''Meslanges'', ''Mélanges'', ''Cabinet'', ''Recueil'', ''Ouvrages'': L'entrée des manuscrits de Marc-Antoine Charpentier à la Bibliothèque du roi," in Catherine Cessac, ed., ''Marc-Antoine Charpentier, un musicien retrouvé'' (Sprimont: Mardaga, 2005), pp. 141–54. For the logic underlying the chronological ordering of these manuscripts, see Patricia M. Ranum, "Marc-Antoine Charpentier 'garde-nottes" ou les ''Mélanges'' comme travail de scribe," in Catherine Cessac, ed., ''Les manuscrits autographes de Marc-Antoine Charpentier'' (Wavre: Mardaga, 2007), pp. 15–36</ref>