Editing Maputo (section)

==History==
{{Main|History of Maputo}}
{{For timeline}}
[[File:Lourenco-Marques-pc-c1905.jpg|thumb|left|View of Lourenço Marques, c. 1905]]
[[File:Cathedral_of_maputo_01.jpg|thumb|Cathedral of Maputo]]

On the northern bank of Espírito Santo Estuary of [[Delagoa Bay]], an inlet of the [[Indian Ocean]], Lourenço Marques was named after [[Lourenço Marques (explorer)|the Portuguese navigator]] who, with António Caldeira, was sent in 1544 by the governor of [[Island of Mozambique|Mozambique]] on a voyage of exploration.<ref>Britannica,[https://www.britannica.com/place/Maputo Maputo], britannica.com, USA, accessed on July 7, 2019</ref> They explored the lower courses of the rivers emptying their waters into Delagoa Bay, notably the Espírito Santo. The forts and trading stations that the Portuguese established, abandoned and reoccupied on the north bank of the river were all named "Lourenço Marques".{{citation needed|date=July 2023}} The existing town dates from about 1850, with the previous settlement having been entirely destroyed by the natives. The town developed around a Portuguese fortress completed in 1787.{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}

On 9 December 1876, Lourenço Marques was elevated to the status of village, and on the 10 November 1887 it became a city.<ref>Britannica, [https://www.britannica.com/place/Maputo Maputo], britannica.com, USA, accessed on July 7, 2019</ref> The Luso-British conflict for the possession of Lourenço Marques ended on the 24th of July 1875 with [[Patrice de MacMahon]], the [[President of the French Republic|French President]], ruling in favour of Portugal.

In 1871, the town was described as a poor place, with narrow streets, fairly good flat-roofed houses, grass huts, decayed forts, and a rusty cannon, enclosed by a recently erected wall {{convert|6|ft|order=flip}} high and protected by bastions at intervals. The growing importance of the [[South African Republic|Transvaal]] led, however, to greater interest being taken back in Portugal in the development of a port. A commission was sent by the Portuguese government in 1876 to drain the marshy land near the settlement, to plant the blue [[gum tree]], and to build a hospital and a church. A city since 1887, it superseded the [[Island of Mozambique]] as the capital of [[Portuguese East Africa|Mozambique]] in 1898. In 1895, the opening of the [[NZASM]] railroad to [[Pretoria]], [[South Africa]], caused the city's population to grow. The [[Witwatersrand Gold Rush]], which began in 1886, also increased the economic development of the city in the late 19th and early 20th centuries as Lourenço Marques served as the closest seaport for the export of gold from South Africa.<ref name="AndersenJenkins2015">{{cite journal|last1=Andersen|first1=Jørgen Eskemose|last2=Jenkins|first2=Paul|last3=Nielsen|first3=Morten|title=Who Plans the African city? A Case Study of Maputo: Part 1 – the Structural Context|journal=International Development Planning Review|volume=37|issue=3|year=2015|pages=334|doi=10.3828/idpr.2015.20}}</ref>

[[File:Admiralty Chart No 646 Porto de Lourenco Marques, Published 1951.jpg|thumb|left|1951 nautical chart of the port of Lourenço Marques]]
In the early 20th century, with a well equipped seaport, with piers, quays, landing sheds and electric cranes which enabled large vessels to discharge cargoes direct into the railway trucks, Lourenço Marques developed under Portuguese rule and achieved great importance as a lively cosmopolitan city. It was served by British, Portuguese, and German liners, and the majority of its imported goods were shipped to [[Southampton]], [[Lisbon]], and [[Hamburg]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}}

With the continuous growth of the city's population due to its expanding economy centred on the seaport, from the 1940s Portugal's administration built a network of primary and secondary schools, industrial and commercial schools as well as the first university in the region. The [[University of Lourenço Marques]] was opened in 1962. Portuguese, Islamic (including [[Ismaili]]s), Indian (including from [[Portuguese India]]) and Chinese (including [[Macanese people|Macanese]]) communities — but not the unskilled African majority — achieved great prosperity by developing the industrial and commercial sectors of the city. Urban areas of Mozambique grew quickly in this period due to the lack of restriction on the internal migration of indigenous Mozambicans, a situation that differed from the [[apartheid]] policies of neighbouring South Africa.<ref name="AndersenJenkins2015"/> Before Mozambique's independence in 1975, thousands of tourists from [[South Africa]] and [[Rhodesia]] (now [[Zimbabwe]]) frequented the city and its scenic beaches, high-quality hotels, restaurants, casinos, and brothels.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mUuUybBmqDc "Lourenço Marques a cidade feitiço" on YouTube], a film of Lourenço Marques, Portuguese Mozambique in 1970.</ref><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0NkVCcZ_OH0 "Lourenco Marques" on YouTube], a film of Lourenço Marques, Portuguese Mozambique.</ref>

The Mozambique Liberation Front, or [[FRELIMO]], formed in [[Tanzania]] in 1962 and led by [[Eduardo Mondlane]], fought for independence from Portuguese rule. The [[Mozambican War of Independence]] lasted over 10 years, ending only in 1974 when the [[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Estado Novo]] regime was overthrown in Lisbon by a leftist military coup — the [[Carnation Revolution]]. The new government of Portugal granted independence to almost all Portuguese overseas territories (except for [[Portuguese Timor|Timor Leste]] and [[Macau]]).{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}}

The words "Aqui é Portugal" (''Here is Portugal'') were once inscribed on the walkway of its municipal building.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aemo.org/Ofenomenodanossadescolonizacao.htm |title=O fenómeno da nossa descolonização: Retornados, Deslocados e Espoliados|access-date=2014-04-01 |work=Joaquim Pereira Soares |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611165759/http://www.aemo.org/Ofenomenodanossadescolonizacao.htm |archive-date=2016-06-11 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Independence===

The [[People's Republic of Mozambique]] was proclaimed on 25 June 1975 in accordance with the [[Lusaka Accord]] signed in September 1974.<ref>Roman Adrian Cybriwsky, ''Capital Cities around the World: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture'', ABC-CLIO, USA, 2013, p. 181</ref><ref name="a">{{cite web |url=https://pt.wikisource.org/wiki/Acordo_de_Lusaka |title=Acordo de Lusaka |language=pt |trans-title=Lusaka Accord |publisher=Diário do Governo, Portugal |date=1974 |access-date=2016-02-06 }}</ref> A parade and a state banquet completed the independence festivities in the capital, which was expected to be renamed Can Phumo, or "Place of Phumo", after a [[Shangaan]] chief who lived in the area before the Portuguese navigator [[Lourenço Marques (explorer)|Lourenço Marques]] first visited the site in 1545 and gave his name to it.<ref name=port>[https://web.archive.org/web/20101022145635/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C913229-2%2C00.html "Dismantling the Portuguese Empire"], ''[[Time Magazine]]'' (July 7, 1975)</ref> However, after independence, the city's [[Geographical renaming|name was changed]] (in February 1976) to Maputo. Maputo's name reputedly has its origin in the [[Maputo River]]: in fact, this river, which marks the border with [[South Africa]] in the  southernmost extent of Mozambique, had become symbolic during the FRELIMO-led armed struggle against Portuguese sovereignty{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}, after the motto «''Viva Moçambique unido, do Rovuma ao Maputo''», that is, ''Hail Mozambique, united from Rovuma down to Maputo'' ([[Rovuma]] is the river which marks the northern border with [[Tanzania]]).

After the independence, the statues to Portuguese heroes in the capital city were removed and most were stored at the fortress. FRELIMO soldiers carrying Russian rifles replaced [[Portuguese Army]] soldiers (both black and white) with western arms in city barracks and on the streets.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}

After the [[Carnation Revolution]] in Lisbon, over 250,000 Portuguese emigrated virtually overnight,<ref name=port/> leaving Mozambique's economy and administration unmanageable. With the exodus of trained Portuguese personnel, the newly independent country had no time to allocate resources to maintain its infrastructure. In addition, authoritarian [[Stalinism|Stalinist]] policies and bureaucratic central planning made the newly independent country slip into an extremely precarious condition since the beginning, and so the economy plummeted. FRELIMO, now the governing party, turned to the [[communist]] governments of the [[Soviet Union]] and [[East Germany]] for help. By the early 1980s the country was bankrupt. Money was worthless and shops were empty. Starting shortly after independence, the country was plagued by the [[Mozambican Civil War]], a long and violent struggle between [[FRELIMO]] and [[RENAMO]], which lasted from 1977 to 1992. The war adversely affected economic activity and political stability in the city. "Operation Production" (''Operação Produção'') was inaugurated in 1983 by the ruling FRELIMO party to deal with the economic crisis. Undocumented residents of Maputo, the "parasitic" urban population, as well as individuals who displayed criminal behaviour, were forcibly transferred to state-owned communal farms and villages in the rural north of Mozambique.<ref name="AndersenJenkins2015"/><ref name="Thompson2015">{{cite journal|last1=Thompson|first1=Drew A.|title=Constructing a History of Independent Mozambique, 1974–1982: A Study in Photography|journal=Kronos|volume=39|issue=1|year=2013|pages=179}}</ref>

Since the peace agreement ending the civil war, which was signed in 1992, the country and the city has returned to its pre-independence levels of political stability. This stability is an encouraging sign that makes Mozambique a promising country for foreign investment.<ref name=":2">{{cite web|url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/NEWS/0,,contentMDK:22294362~menuPK:141310~pagePK:34370~piPK:34424~theSitePK:4607,00.html|title=News & Broadcast - Mozambique: Mining an Opportunity|website=web.worldbank.org|access-date=1 October 2017}}</ref>

On 11 July 2003, the [[Maputo Protocol|Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa]], better known as the [[Maputo Protocol]], was adopted in the city by the [[African Union]].