Editing Mantoux test (section)

==History==
[[File:Mantoux test.jpg|thumb|The size of [[induration]] is measured 48–72 hours later. Erythema (redness) should not be measured.]]

[[File:Negative Mantoux Test.jpg|thumb|Mantoux test injection site in a subject without chronic conditions or in a high-risk group clinically diagnosed as negative at 50 hours]]

[[Tuberculin]] is a [[glycerol]] extract of the tubercle [[bacillus]].  Purified protein derivative (PPD) tuberculin is a precipitate of species-nonspecific molecules obtained from filtrates of sterilized, concentrated cultures. The tuberculin reaction was first described by [[Robert Koch]] in 1890. The test was first developed and described by the German physician Felix Mendel in 1908.<ref>F. Mendel. Therapeutische Monatshefte, Berlin, 1903, 16: 177. Die von Pirquet'sche Hautreaktion und die intravenöse Tuberkulinbehandlung.Medizinische Klinik, München, 1908, 4: 402-404.</ref> It is named after [[Charles Mantoux]], a French physician who built on the work of Koch and [[Clemens von Pirquet]] to create his test in 1907. However, the test was unreliable due to impurities in tuberculin which tended to cause false results.<ref name=CHF/>

[[Esmond R. Long]] and [[Florence B. Seibert]] identified the active agent in tuberculin as a protein.  Seibert then spent a number of years developing methods for separating and purifying the protein from ''Mycobacterium tuberculosis'', obtaining purified protein derivative (PPD) and enabling the creation of a reliable test for tuberculosis.<ref name="CHF">{{cite web|title=Esmond R. Long and Florence B. Seibert|url=http://www.chemheritage.org/discover/chemistry-in-history/themes/pharmaceuticals/diagnosing-diseases/long-and-seibert.aspx|work=Chemical Heritage Foundation|access-date=April 27, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113010259/http://www.chemheritage.org/discover/chemistry-in-history/themes/pharmaceuticals/diagnosing-diseases/long-and-seibert.aspx|archive-date=January 13, 2012}}</ref>  Her first publication on the purification of tuberculin appeared in 1934.<ref name=ChemEx>{{cite web|title=Florence Seibert, American Biochemist, 1897–1991|url=http://www.chemistryexplained.com/Ru-Sp/Seibert-Florence.html|website=Chemistry Explained|access-date=26 October 2015}}</ref> By the 1940s, Seibert's PPD was the international standard for tuberculin tests.<ref name=Dacso>{{cite book|last1=Dacso|first1=C. C.|chapter=Chapter 47: Skin Testing for Tuberculosis |editor-last1= Walker |editor-first1=H. K.|editor-last2= Hall| editor-first2= W. D. | editor-last3=Hurst |editor-first3=J.W.| title=Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations|date=1990|publisher=Butterworths|location=Boston|edition=3rd|chapter-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK369/|access-date=26 October 2015|isbn=9780409900774}}</ref> In 1939, [[Russia]]n M.A. Linnikova created a modified version of PPD. In 1954, the Soviet Union started mass production of PPD-L, named after Linnikova.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.edubilla.com/invention/mantoux-test/|title=Mantoux test, Mantoux test inventors|website=Edubilla.com|language=en|access-date=2019-04-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/121892998/Mantoux-test|title=Mantoux test {{!}} Clinical Medicine {{!}} Medical Specialties|website=Scribd|language=en|access-date=2019-04-25}}</ref>