Editing Malmö (section)

==History==
[[File:Malmo Vapenbrev.png|thumb|upright=0.7|left|Malmö's 1437 [[grant of arms]]]]
Malmö was for centuries Denmark's second-biggest city. The earliest written mention of Malmö as a city dates from 1275.<ref name="ne malmö">{{cite web |last1=Lilja |first1=Sven |last2=Nilsson |first2=Lars |title=Malmö: Historia |url=http://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/malm%C3%B6-%28t%C3%A4tort-ingress%29 |url-access=subscription |access-date=1 December 2015 |website=Nationalencyklopedin |publisher=NE Nationalencyklopedin |language=sv |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060001/http://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/malm%C3%B6-(t%C3%A4tort-ingress) |url-status=live }}</ref> It is thought to have been founded shortly before that date,<ref name="ne malmö" /> as a fortified [[quay]] or [[ferry]] berth of the [[Archbishop of Lund]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Malmös uppkomst |trans-title=Malmö Origins Part 1 |url=http://www.fotevikensmuseum.se/malmo/hist/h2/malmo_h2.htm |access-date=7 August 2015 |publisher=[[Fotevikens Museum]] |language=sv |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924015114/http://www.fotevikensmuseum.se/malmo/hist/h2/malmo_h2.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> {{convert|20|km|0|abbr=off}} to the north-east. Its original name was ''Malmhaug'' (with alternative spellings), meaning "Gravel pile" or "Ore Hill".

In the 15th century, Malmö became one of Denmark's largest and most visited cities, reaching a population of approximately 5,000 inhabitants. It became the most important city around the [[Øresund]], with the German [[Hanseatic League]] frequenting it as a [[marketplace]], and was notable for its flourishing [[herring]] fishery. In 1437, King [[Eric of Pomerania]] (King of Denmark from 1396 to 1439) granted the city's arms: [[argent]] with a [[griffin]] [[gules]], based on Eric's arms from [[Pomerania]]. The griffin's head as a symbol of Malmö extended to the entire province of [[Skåne]] from 1660.

In 1434, a new [[citadel]] was constructed at the beach south of the town. This [[fortress]], known today as [[Malmö Castle|''Malmöhus'']], did not take its current form until the mid-16th century. Several other fortifications were constructed, making Malmö Sweden's most fortified city, but only Malmöhus remains.

[[File:1594 map of Elbogen.jpg|thumb|left|Malmö in 1594: [[Malmö Castle]] can be seen at far left, [[Sankt Petri Church, Malmö|Sankt Petri Church]]'s tower at centre]]

[[Lutheran]] teachings spread during the 16th century [[Protestant Reformation]], and Malmö became one of the first cities in Scandinavia to fully convert (1527–1529) to this Protestant denomination.

In the 17th century, Malmö and the [[Skåneland]] region came under control of Sweden following the [[Treaty of Roskilde]] with Denmark, signed in 1658. Fighting continued, however; in June 1677, 14,000 Danish troops laid siege to Malmö for a month, but were unable to defeat the Swedish troops holding it.

By the dawn of the 18th century, Malmö had about 3,000 inhabitants. However, owing to the wars of [[Charles XII of Sweden]] (reigned 1697–1718) and to [[bubonic plague]] epidemics, the population dropped to 1,800 by 1727. The population did not grow much until the modern harbour was constructed in 1775. The city started to expand and the population in 1800 was 4,000. 15 years later, it had increased to 6,000.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 February 2011 |title=Så har Malmö vuxit genom åren |url=http://malmo.se/Kommun--politik/Vart-Malmo/Vart-Malmo-artiklar/2011-02-20-Sa-har-Malmo-vuxit-genom-aren.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101064647/http://malmo.se/Kommun--politik/Vart-Malmo/Vart-Malmo-artiklar/2011-02-20-Sa-har-Malmo-vuxit-genom-aren.html |archive-date=1 January 2016 |access-date=6 December 2015 |publisher=[[Malmö Municipality]] |language=sv}}</ref>

[[File:Sodergatan-1913.jpg|thumb|left|{{lang|sv|Södergatan}} in 1913]]
In 1840, Frans Henrik Kockum founded the workshop from which the [[Kockums]] shipyard eventually developed as one of the largest shipyards in the world. The [[Southern Main Line]] was built between 1856 and 1864; this enabled Malmö to become a centre of manufacture, with major textile and mechanical industries. In 1870, Malmö overtook [[Norrköping]] to become Sweden's third-most populous city, and by 1900 Malmö had strengthened this position with 60,000 inhabitants. Malmö continued to grow through the first half of the 20th century. The population had swiftly increased to 100,000 by 1915 and to 200,000 by 1952.

===1900–1969===
[[File:Meeting of Scandinavian kings 2.jpeg|thumb|right|Malmö, 18 December 1914. All three kings of the Scandinavian countries, on the same balcony.]]
In 1914 (15 May to 4 October), Malmö hosted the [[Baltic Exhibition]]. The large park [[Pildammsparken]] was arranged and planted for this large event. The Russian part of the exhibition was never taken down, owing to the outbreak of [[World War I]].

On 18 and 19 December 1914, the ''Three Kings Meeting'' was held in Malmö. After a somewhat disturbed period (1905–1914), which included the dissolution of the [[Swedish-Norwegian Union]], King [[Oscar II]] was replaced with King [[Håkon VII]] in Norway, who was the younger brother of the Danish King [[Christian X]]. As Oscar died in 1907, and his son [[Gustav V]] became the new King of Sweden, the tensions within Scandinavia were still unresolved, but during this historical meeting, the Scandinavian Kings found internal understanding, as well as a common line about remaining neutral in the ongoing war.

Within sports, Malmö has mostly been associated with [[association football|football]]. [[IFK Malmö]] participated in the first ever edition of [[Allsvenskan]] 1924/25, but from the mid-1940s [[Malmö FF]] started to rise, and ever since it has been one of the most prominent clubs within Swedish football. They have won Allsvenskan 23 times in all (as of February 2018) between 1943/44 and 2017.

===1970–1999===
By 1971, Malmö's population reached 265,000 inhabitants, but this was the peak which would stand for more than 30 years.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Malmo Population 2022 (Demographics, Maps, Graphs)|url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/malmo-population|access-date=6 February 2022|website=worldpopulationreview.com|archive-date=6 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206224740/https://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/malmo-population|url-status=live}}</ref> ([[Svedala]] was, for a few years in the early 1970s, a part of Malmö municipality.)

By the mid-1970s Sweden experienced a [[recession]] that hit the industrial sector especially hard; shipyards and manufacturing industries suffered, which led to high unemployment in many cities of [[Skåne]]. Kockums shipyard had become a symbol of Malmö as its largest employer and, when shipbuilding ceased in 1986, confidence in the future of Malmö plummeted among politicians and the public. In addition, many middle-class families moved into one-family houses in surrounding municipalities such as [[Vellinge Municipality]], [[Lomma Municipality]] and [[Staffanstorp Municipality]], which profiled themselves as the suburbs of the upper-middle class. By 1985, Malmö had lost 37,000 inhabitants and the population was down to 225,500.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Malmo Population|url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/malmo-population|access-date=28 July 2024}}</ref>

The [[Sweden financial crisis 1990–1994|Swedish financial crises]] of the early 1990s exacerbated Malmö's decline as an industrial city; between 1990 and 1995 Malmö lost about 27,000 jobs and its economy was seriously strained. However, from 1994 under the leadership of the then mayor [[Ilmar Reepalu]], the city of Malmö started to create a new economy as a centre of culture and knowledge. Malmö reached bottom in 1995, but that same year marked the commencement of the massive [[Öresund Bridge]] road, railway and tunnel project, connecting it to Copenhagen and to the rail lines of Europe. The new [[Malmö University]] opened in 1998 on Kockums' former dockside.

===2000s and later===
Further redevelopment of the now disused south-western harbour followed; a city architecture exposition ([[Bo01]]) was held in the area in 2001, and its buildings and villas form the core of a new city district. Designed with attractive waterfront vistas, it was intended to attract, and has been successful in attracting, the urban middle-class.

Since 1974, the [[Kockums Crane]] had been a landmark in Malmö and a symbol of the city's manufacturing industry, but in 2002 it was disassembled and moved to South Korea. In 2005, Malmö gained a new landmark with completion of [[Turning Torso]], the tallest skyscraper in Scandinavia. Although the transformation from a city with its economic base in manufacturing has returned growth to Malmö, the new types of jobs have largely benefited the middle and upper classes.

In its 2015 and 2017 reports, [[Police in Sweden]] placed the [[Rosengård]] and the [[Södra Sofielund|Södra Sofielund/Seved]] district in the [[Vulnerable area#Especially vulnerable area|most severe category of urban areas with high crime rates]].<ref name="map_noa_utsatta_2015_p29">{{Cite book |url=https://polisen.se/Global/www%20och%20Intrapolis/%c3%96vriga%20rapporter/Utsatta-omraden-sociala-risker-kollektiv-formaga-o-oonskade-handelser.pdf |title=Utsatta områden – sociala risker, kollektiv förmåga och oönskade händelser |publisher=Police in Sweden – Nationella Operativa Avdelningen – December 2015 |page=29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819054415/https://polisen.se/Global/www%20och%20Intrapolis/%C3%96vriga%20rapporter/Utsatta-omraden-sociala-risker-kollektiv-formaga-o-oonskade-handelser.pdf |archive-date=19 August 2016}}</ref><ref name="map_noa_utsatta_2017_p41">{{Cite book |url=https://polisen.se/Global/www%20och%20Intrapolis/Ovriga%20rapporter/Utsatta%20omr%c3%a5den%20-%20social%20ordning,%20kriminell%20struktur%20och%20utmaningar%20f%c3%b6r%20polisen.pdf |title=Utsatta områden – Social ordning, kriminell struktur och utmaningar för polisen / Dnr HD 44/14A203.023/2016 |date=June 2017 |publisher=[[Police in Sweden]] – Nationella operativa avdelningen – Underrättelseenheten |page=41 |access-date=22 October 2017 |archive-date=19 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119114159/https://polisen.se/Global/www%20och%20Intrapolis/Ovriga%20rapporter/Utsatta%20omr%c3%a5den%20-%20social%20ordning,%20kriminell%20struktur%20och%20utmaningar%20f%c3%b6r%20polisen.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2023, however, the situation in [[Södra Sofielund|Södra Sofielund/Seved]] was deemed as improving, and it was re-categorised to a [[Vulnerable area#Risk area|risk area]], the less severe category.<ref>{{cite book |title=Lägesbild över utsatta områden: Regeringsuppdrag 2023 |date=November 2023 |publisher=Polismyndigheten |pages=38–40 |url=https://polisen.se/siteassets/dokument/ovriga_rapporter/utsatta-omraden/lagesbild-over-utsatta-omraden-2023.pdf |access-date=18 December 2023}}</ref>

Malmö is currently growing fast and detailed work is being planned near the [[Malmö Central Station]], in a district called Nyhamnen. Nyhamnen will provide 9,000 new housings, two larger buildings for offices and courts. It is expected to be complete around 2040–2050.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2019 |title=Översiktsplan för Nyhamnen |url=https://malmo.se/download/18.38c6709716cae2cad392c813/1577969982708/F%C3%96P_2037_Nyhamnen_antagen_20191219%20lowlow.pdf |access-date=20 December 2021 |publisher=[[Malmö Municipality]] |language=sv |archive-date=20 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220202728/https://malmo.se/download/18.38c6709716cae2cad392c813/1577969982708/F%C3%96P_2037_Nyhamnen_antagen_20191219%20lowlow.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Middle Eastern crisis (2023–present)|conflicts in the Middle East]] since 2023 have affected society in Malmö, since many of its citizens have roots and family ties to the [[Levant]]. Hours after the [[2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel|Hamas attack on Israel]], Malmö was in the spotlight when people took to the streets, waved Palestinian and other Middle Eastern flags in a caravan of cars. Some people celebrated and fired fireworks. As a result of the celebration, the long-standing collaboration between the Jewish community and the Islamic Academy was put on ice. When Malmö hosted [[Eurovision 2024]], there were enormous demonstrations and protests to stop [[Israel in the Eurovision Song Contest 2024|Israel's participation]]. Furthermore, the conflict has caused conflicts in schools, especially in the classrooms. Large war-related protests take place in Malmö every weekend. The cityscape in Malmö has changed during the war, where Palestinian flags hang on building facades and the former "drug roundabout" on Möllevången has been renamed the "Gaza Roundabout".<ref> {{Cite news |date= 6 October 2024|title= Kriget i Gaza har satt djupa spår i Malmö: "Ett av de svåraste åren i mitt liv"|work= Sveriges television|url= https://www.svt.se/nyheter/lokalt/skane/kriget-i-gaza-har-satt-djupa-spar-i-malmo-ett-av-de-svaraste-aren-i-mitt-liv}}</ref> [[Antisemitism]] remains a concern in Malmö and antisemitic incidents has risen since the start of the war.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lidor |first1=Canaan |title=Protesters chant 'bomb Israel' and burn flag outside synagogue in Sweden |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/protesters-chant-bomb-israel-and-burn-flag-outside-synagogue-in-sweden/ |website=The Times of Israel |access-date=11 June 2024}}</ref>