Editing Madison, Wisconsin (section)

==History==
[[File:madison 1855.jpg|thumb|View of Madison from the Water Cure, south side of [[Lake Monona]], 1855]]

===Native Americans===
Before Europeans, humans inhabited the area in and around Madison for about 12,000 years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A History of Madison |url=https://morgridge.wiscweb.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2017/02/History_of_Madison.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221134602/https://morgridge.wiscweb.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2017/02/History_of_Madison.pdf |archive-date=December 21, 2018 |access-date=December 20, 2018 |website=morgridge.wiscweb.wisc.edu}}</ref> The [[Ho-Chunk]] called the region Teejop (pronounced Day-JOPE [J as in Jump]) meaning "land of the four lakes" (Mendota, Monona, Waubesa, and Kegonsa).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Teejop (Dejope): significance and history |url=https://tribalrelations.wisc.edu/dejope/ |access-date=December 4, 2023 |website=Tribal Relations |language=en-US}}</ref> Numerous [[effigy mounds]], constructed for ceremonial and burial purposes more than 1,000 years earlier, dotted the rich prairies around the lakes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 27, 2012 |title=Life in Early Madison |url=https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Records/Article/CS2904 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221041537/https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Records/Article/CS2904 |archive-date=December 21, 2018 |access-date=December 20, 2018 |website=Wisconsin Historical Society}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.channel3000.com/madison-magazine/home-and-lifestyle/the-story-of-madison-s-indigenous-people/article_b0e24a81-4ddd-502e-9034-1fa1d9a0b68c.html|title=The story of Madison's indigenous people|first=Maggie|last=Ginsberg|website=Channel3000.com|date=November 19, 2015 }}</ref> Dugout canoes found near many small lakes and rivers are prompting new anthropological research projects.<ref>Kehoe, Jacqueline, ''[https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/archaeologists-using-sunken-dugout-canoes-learn-indigenous-history-america-180985638/ Archaeologists Are Finding Dugout Canoes in the American Midwest as Old as the Great Pyramids of Egypt]'', Smithsonian, January-February 2025 </ref>

===Founding===
[[File:Madison WI Barber 1865p439cropped.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|View of downtown and Capitol from Washington Street, 1865]]

Madison's modern origins begin in 1829, when former federal judge [[James Duane Doty]] purchased over a thousand acres (4&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>) of swamp and forest land on the isthmus between Lakes Mendota and Monona, with the intention of building a city in the Four Lakes region. He purchased 1,261 acres for $1,500. When the [[Wisconsin Territory]] was created in 1836 the territorial legislature convened in [[Belmont, Wisconsin]]. One of the legislature's tasks was to select a permanent location for the territory's capital. Doty lobbied aggressively for Madison as the new capital, offering [[American bison|buffalo]] robes to the freezing legislators and choice lots in Madison at discount prices to undecided voters.<ref>Mollenhoff, David V. (2003) ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=NwrIKM0rBd4C&q=buffalo+robes&pg=PA26 Madison, a History of the Formative Years] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116173314/https://books.google.com/books?id=NwrIKM0rBd4C&q=buffalo+robes&pg=PA26#v=onepage&q=buffalo+robes&f=false |date=January 16, 2017 }}'' Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. {{ISBN|0-299-19980-0}}. Page 26.</ref> He had James Slaughter [[plat]] two cities in the area, Madison and "The City of Four Lakes", near present-day [[Middleton, Wisconsin|Middleton]].

Doty named his city Madison for [[James Madison]], the fourth President of the U.S. who had died on June 28, 1836, and he named the streets for the other [[Signing of the United States Constitution|38 signers]] of the [[U.S. Constitution]].<ref>Historic Madison, Inc., [http://www.historicmadison.org/Madison%27s%20Past/madisonspast.html Madison's Past – Early History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623093154/http://www.historicmadison.org/Madison%27s%20Past/madisonspast.html |date=June 23, 2012 }}</ref> Although the city existed only on paper, the territorial legislature voted on November 28, 1836, in favor of Madison as its capital, largely because of its location halfway between the new and growing cities around [[Milwaukee]] in the east and the long-established strategic post of [[Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin|Prairie du Chien]] in the west, and between the highly populated [[lead]] mining regions in the southwest and Wisconsin's oldest city, [[Green Bay, Wisconsin|Green Bay]], in the northeast.<ref>[https://www.wicourts.gov/courts/supreme/hearingroom.htm Supreme Court, History: The Supreme Court Hearing Room] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112101826/https://www.wicourts.gov/courts/supreme/hearingroom.htm |date=January 12, 2018 }} Wisconsin Court System.</ref><ref name="briefhistory">{{Cite web |date=July 24, 2012 |title=Madison, Wisconsin - A Brief History |url=https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Records/Article/CS2401 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110014319/https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Records/Article/CS2401 |archive-date=January 10, 2019 |access-date=January 9, 2019 |website=Wisconsinhistory.org |publisher=Wisconsin Historical Society}}</ref>

===Expansion===
[[File:Pinckney St., Madison, Wisconsin LCCN93500418.jpg|thumb|Pinckney Street, 1901]]
[[File:Detroit Photographic Company (0894).jpg|thumb|The third [[Wisconsin State Capitol]], which burned down in 1904]]

The cornerstone for the [[Wisconsin State Capitol|Wisconsin capitol]] was laid in 1837, and the legislature first met there in 1838. On October 9, 1839, [[Kintzing Prichett]] registered the [[plat]] of Madison at the registrar's office of the then-territorial [[Dane County]].<ref name="platted1839">{{Cite book |title=Reports of cases argued and determined in the Supreme Court of the State of Wisconsin |publisher=E.E. Hale & Co. |year=1858 |volume=6 |location=Beloit |page=215 |chapter=Vilas vs. Reynolds |access-date=July 24, 2011 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qf4aAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA215 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316154927/http://books.google.com/books?id=Qf4aAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA215 |archive-date=March 16, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> Madison was incorporated as a village in 1846, with a population of 626. When Wisconsin became a state in 1848, Madison remained the capital, and the following year it became the site of the University of Wisconsin (now [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]]). The [[Milwaukee & Mississippi Railroad]] (a predecessor of the [[Milwaukee Road]]) connected to Madison in 1854. Madison incorporated as a city in 1856, with a population of 6,863, leaving the unincorporated remainder as a separate [[Town of Madison, Wisconsin|Town of Madison]].<ref>[http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/WI/WI-idx?type=header;pview=hide;id=WI.MadDane ''Madison, Dane County and Surrounding Towns''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724115343/http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/WI/WI-idx?type=header;pview=hide;id=WI.MadDane |date=July 24, 2014 }}, Madison: Wm. J. Park, 1877, pp. 543–558.</ref> The original capitol was replaced in 1863 and the second capitol burned in 1904. The current capitol was built between 1906 and 1917.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wisconsin State Capitol Tour |url=http://www.wisconsin.gov/state/core/wisconsin_state_capitol_tour.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070527102024/http://www.wisconsin.gov/state/core/wisconsin_state_capitol_tour.html |archive-date=May 27, 2007 |access-date=May 24, 2007 |publisher=State of Wisconsin}}</ref>

During the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], Madison served as a center of the [[Union Army]] in Wisconsin. The intersection of Milwaukee, East Washington, Winnebago, and North Streets is known as Union Corners because a tavern there was the last stop for Union soldiers before heading to fight the Confederates. [[Camp Randall]], on the west side of Madison, was built and used as a training camp, a military hospital, and a prison camp for captured [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] soldiers. After the war ended, the Camp Randall site was absorbed into the University of Wisconsin and [[Camp Randall Stadium]] was built there in 1917. In 2004 the last vestige of active military training on the site was removed when the stadium renovation replaced a firing range used for [[ROTC]] training.{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}}

===1960s and 1970s===
In the 1960s and 1970s, the Madison [[counterculture]] was centered in the neighborhood of Mifflin and Bassett streets, referred to as "Miffland". The area contained many three-story apartments where students and counterculture youth lived, painted murals, and operated the co-operative grocery store, the Mifflin Street Co-op. Residents of the neighborhood often came into conflict with authorities, particularly during the administration of the Republican mayor [[William Dyke|Bill Dyke]]. Dyke was viewed by students as a direct antagonist in efforts to protest the [[Vietnam War]] because of his efforts to suppress local protests. The annual [[Mifflin Street Block Party]] became a focal point for protest, although by the late 1970s it had become a mainstream community party.

During the late 1960s and early 1970s, thousands of students and other citizens took part in [[Opposition to the Vietnam War#Growing protests|anti-Vietnam War marches and demonstrations]], with more violent incidents drawing national attention to the city and UW campus. These included the 1967 student protest of [[Dow Chemical Company]], with 74 injured; the 1969 strike to secure greater representation and rights for African-American students and faculty, which resulted in the involvement of the Wisconsin [[United States National Guard|Army National Guard]]; and the 1970 fire that caused damage to the Army [[ROTC]] headquarters housed in the [[University of Wisconsin Armory and Gymnasium]]. It culminated with the [[Sterling Hall bombing]] in 1970, which was intended to destroy the Army Mathematics Research Center at the university. It caused massive destruction to other parts of the building and nearby buildings as well and resulted in the death of researcher [[Robert Fassnacht]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Reinke|first1=Clifford|title=Van's Blast at UW Center Kills One and Hurts Four|url=http://host.madison.com/archives/topics/pages_from_history/pages-from-history-aug/article_681633c2-41c7-11e5-b7ea-dbea691a063b.html|access-date=October 26, 2017|newspaper=Wisconsin State Journal|date=August 26, 1970|archive-date=October 26, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026213822/http://host.madison.com/archives/topics/pages_from_history/pages-from-history-aug/article_681633c2-41c7-11e5-b7ea-dbea691a063b.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

These protests were the subject of the 1979 documentary [[The War at Home (1979 film)|''The War at Home'']].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Eleanor Mannikka |date=2012 |title=The War at Home (1979) Review Summary |work=[[The New York Times]] |department=Movies & TV Dept. |url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/52754/The-War-at-Home/overview |url-status=dead |access-date=July 10, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710222747/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/52754/The-War-at-Home/overview |archive-date=July 10, 2012}}</ref> [[David Maraniss]]'s 2004 book, ''[[They Marched into Sunlight]]'', incorporated the 1967 Dow protests into a larger [[Vietnam War]] narrative. Tom Bates wrote the book ''Rads'' on the subject ({{ISBN|0-06-092428-4}}). Bates wrote that Dyke's attempt to suppress the annual [[Mifflin Street Block Party]] "would take three days, require hundreds of officers on overtime pay, and engulf the student community from the nearby Southeast Dorms to [[Langdon Street Historic District|Langdon Street's]] fraternity row. [[Tear gas]] hung like heavy fog across the Isthmus." In the fracas, student activist [[Paul Soglin]], then a city [[alderman]], was arrested twice and taken to [[County jail|jail]]. Soglin was later elected mayor of Madison, serving several times.{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}}

===21st century===
In early 2011, Madison was the site for [[2011 Wisconsin protests|large protests]] against a bill proposed by Governor [[Scott Walker (politician)|Scott Walker]] that abolished almost all [[collective bargaining]] for public worker unions.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Davey |first1=Monica |last2=Greenhouse |first2=Steven |date=February 17, 2011 |title=Angry Demonstrations in Wisconsin as Cuts Loom |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/17/us/17wisconsin.html |url-status=live |access-date=December 8, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161209063952/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/17/us/17wisconsin.html |archive-date=December 9, 2016}}</ref> The protests at the capitol ranged in size from 10,000 to over 100,000 people and lasted for several months.<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 13, 2011 |title=Up to 100,000 protest Wisconsin law curbing unions |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-wisconsin-protests-idUSTRE72B2AN20110313 |url-status=live |access-date=December 14, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216031748/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-wisconsin-protests-idUSTRE72B2AN20110313 |archive-date=December 16, 2018}}</ref>

On October 31, 2022, the city of Madison annexed the majority of the remaining [[Madison (town), Wisconsin|Town of Madison]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://captimes.com/news/government/a-midwest-goodbye-the-town-of-madison-merges-with-madison-and-fitchburg/article_0bb4f7c7-daec-5181-aa83-1fef281a0eae.html|title=A Midwest Goodbye: The Town of Madison Merges With Madison and Fitchburg|date=October 19, 2022 }}</ref> On December 16, 2024, a [[Mass shootings in the United States|school shooting]] occurred at [[Abundant Life Christian School]] on the city's east side, resulting in three deaths and six injuries.<ref>{{cite web |date=December 16, 2024 |title=Live updates: 3 dead in shooting at Abundant Life Christian School in Madison, Wisconsin |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/live-blog/abundant-life-school-shooting-madison-live-updates-rcna184404 |access-date=December 16, 2024 |website=NBC News |language=en |archive-date=December 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241216181839/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/live-blog/abundant-life-school-shooting-madison-live-updates-rcna184404 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Jones | first=Kyle | title=Three dead, including suspect, in shooting at Abundant Life Christian School | publisher=Channel3000.com | date=December 16, 2024 | url=https://www.channel3000.com/news/madison-police-investigate-shooting-at-abundant-life-christian-school/article_207c213c-bbd1-11ef-8bd0-db64a8c48a39.html | access-date=December 16, 2024 | archive-date=December 16, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241216180412/https://www.channel3000.com/news/madison-police-investigate-shooting-at-abundant-life-christian-school/article_207c213c-bbd1-11ef-8bd0-db64a8c48a39.html | url-status=live }}</ref>