Editing Madeira (section)

==History==
{{Main|History of Madeira}}

===Ancient===
[[Plutarch]] in his ''[[Parallel Lives]]'' (''Sertorius'', 75 AD) referring to the military commander [[Quintus Sertorius]] (d. 72 BC), relates that after his return to [[Cádiz]], he met sailors who spoke of idyllic Atlantic islands: "The islands are said to be two in number separated by a very narrow strait and lie {{convert|10,000|furlong|km|lk=in|sigfig=2|disp=sqbr}} from Africa. They are called the [[Fortunate Isles|Isles of the Blessed]]."<ref>{{Citation |last=[[Plutarch]] |title=The Parallel Lives: Sertorius, ch. 8 |url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/e/roman/texts/plutarch/lives/sertorius*.html |access-date=19 February 2021 |archive-date=16 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516005749/https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Sertorius%2A.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Archaeological evidence suggests that the islands may have been visited by the [[Viking]]s sometime between 900 and 1030.<ref name="viking">{{cite journal |last1=Rando |first1=Juan Carlos |last2=Pieper |first2=Harald |last3=Alcover |first3=Josep Antoni |title=Radiocarbon evidence for the presence of mice on Madeira Island (North Atlantic) one millennium ago |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |date=7 April 2014 |volume=281 |issue=1780 |pages=3 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2013.3126 |pmid=24523273 |language=en |issn=0962-8452 |quote=The mtDNA haplotypes from current populations of house mouse M. m. domesticus of Madeira, [...] show similarities with those of Scandinavia and northern Germany (but not with the Portuguese mainland). This [...] suggests that northern Europe was the source area, and raises the intriguing possibility that the Vikings could have brought the house mouse to the island, although it should be noted that to date there are no historical references of Viking voyages to Macaronesia. |pmc=4027395 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gündüz |first1=İ. |last2=Auffray |first2=J.-C. |last3=Britton-Davidian |first3=J. |last4=Catalan |first4=J. |last5=Ganem |first5=G. |last6=Ramalhinho |first6=M. G. |last7=Mathias |first7=M. L. |last8=Searle |first8=J. B. |title=Molecular studies on the colonization of the Madeiran archipelago by house mice |journal=Molecular Ecology |date=August 2001 |volume=10 |issue=8 |pages=2023–2029 |doi=10.1046/j.0962-1083.2001.01346.x |pmid=11555245 |bibcode=2001MolEc..10.2023G |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.0962-1083.2001.01346.x |access-date=11 April 2024 |language=en |issn=0962-1083 |quote=Similarities between the sequences found in the Madeiras and those in Scandinavia and northern Germany suggest that northern Europe was the source area, and there is the intriguing possibility that the Vikings may have accidentally brought house mice to the archipelago. |archive-date=15 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211015220133/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.0962-1083.2001.01346.x |url-status=live }}</ref>

Accounts by [[Muhammad al-Idrisi]] state that the Mugharrarin ("the adventurers" – seafarers from Lisbon) came across an island where they found "a huge quantity of sheep, the meat of which was bitter and inedible" before going to the more inhabited [[Canary Islands]], in [[Spain]]. This island, possibly Madeira or [[Hierro]], must have been inhabited or previously visited by people for livestock to be present.<ref>Idrisi, La première géographie de l'Occident, NEF, Paris 1999</ref>

===Legend===
During the reign of King [[Edward III of England]], lovers [[Robert Machin|Robert Machim]] and Anna d'Arfet were said to have fled from England to France in 1346. Driven off course by a violent storm, their ship ran aground along the coast of an island that may have been Madeira. Later, this legend was the basis of the naming of the city of [[Machico]] on the island, in memory of the young lovers.<ref>Nicholas Cayetano de Bettencourt Pitta, 1812, pp. 11–17</ref>

[[File:Corbitis Atlas (p.4).jpg|thumb|The fourth and final sheet of the four-sheet Corbitis Atlas (1384–1410)]]

===European exploration===
Madeira appears in several medieval manuscripts, including the ''[[Book of Knowledge of All Kingdoms]]'' from the early 14th century, the [[Medici-Laurentian Atlas]] from 1351, the [[Guillem Soler|''Soleri Portolani'']] from 1380 and 1385 and [[Corbitis Atlas]] from the late 14th century. These texts refer to Madeira as ''Lecmane'', ''Lolegname,'' ''Legnami'' (the isle of wood), ''Puerto'' or Porto Santo, ''deserte'' or deserta, and ''desierta''.<ref>[{{GBurl|id=NVCSLQOcY90C|pg=PR84|q=Lecmane}} ''The Chronicle of the Discovery and Conquest of Guinea''], Gomes Eanes de Zurara, Cambridge University Press, 2010, Volume 2, Introduction, pp. lxxxiv, 28 June 2022.</ref> It is widely accepted that knowledge of these Atlantic islands existed before their better-documented discovery and successful settlement by the [[Kingdom of Portugal]].<ref name="DNB">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Fernández-Armesto |first=Felipe |author-link=Felipe Fernández-Armesto |title=Machim (supp. fl. 14th cent.) |volume=1 |encyclopedia=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |year=2004 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/17535 |access-date=2 September 2009 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/index/17/101017535/ |archive-date=22 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022225632/http://www.oxforddnb.com/index/17/101017535/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Funchal ( Portugal )13.jpg|thumb|Statue of [[João Gonçalves Zarco]]]]
In 1418, two captains, [[João Gonçalves Zarco]] and [[Tristão Vaz Teixeira]], while exploring the African coast in the service of Prince [[Henry the Navigator]], were driven off course by a storm to an island which they named {{lang | pt | [[Porto Santo Island|Porto Santo]]}} (English: "holy harbour") in gratitude for divine deliverance from a shipwreck.

The following year, Zarco and Vaz organised an expedition with [[Bartolomeu Perestrello]]. The trio travelled to the island of Porto Santo, claimed it on behalf of the Portuguese Crown, and established a settlement. The new settlers observed "a heavy black cloud suspended to the southwest" and upon investigation discovered the larger island they called {{lang | pt | Madeira}}<ref>The discoveries of Porto Santo and Madeira were first described by [[Gomes Eanes de Zurara]] in ''Chronica da Descoberta e Conquista da Guiné''. (Eng. version by Edgar Prestage in 2 vols. issued by the [[Hakluyt Society]], London, 1896–1899: ''The Chronicle of Discovery and Conquest of Guinea''.) French author [[Arkan Simaan]] refers to these discoveries in his historical novel based on Azurara's Chronicle: ''L'Écuyer d'Henri le Navigateur'' (2007), published by Éditions l'Harmattan, Paris.</ref><ref>Nicholas Cayetano de Bettencourt Pitta, 1812, p.20</ref> ({{langx |pt|madeira | translation = wood}}).

===Settlement===

The first Portuguese settlers began colonizing the islands around 1420 or 1425.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dervenn |first1=Claude |translator-last=Hogarth-Gaute |translator-first=Frances |year=1957 |title=Madeira |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ph60AAAAIAAJ |location=London, UK |publisher=[[George G. Harrap and Co.]] |oclc=645870163 |page=20 |access-date=7 June 2016 |quote=And when he returned in May 1420 to take possession of "his" island, it was with his wife and the sons and daughters that the virtuous Constanga had given him. |archive-date=8 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208172728/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ph60AAAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The three governors, knights of the [[Military Order of Christ|Order of Christ]] and navigators: João Gonçalves Zarco, Tristão Vaz Teixeira and Bartolomeu Perestrelo, along with their respective families, became the first settlers of the archipelago divided by three captaincies (respectively and Funchal, Machico and Porto Santo). This colonization process began in 1425, by order of King João I, with people of modest means, some former prisoners of the Kingdom and a group of people from the lower nobility, including fishermen and peasant farmers who willingly left Portugal for a new life on the islands, a better one, they hoped, than was possible in a Portugal which had been ravaged by the [[Black Death]], and where the best farmlands were strictly controlled by the nobility.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://visitmadeira.com/pt/o-que-fazer/apaixonados-por-cultura/historia/ |title=História da Madeira |language=pt |website=Visit Madeira |access-date=20 February 2019}}</ref>

Initially, the settlers produced wheat for their own sustenance but later began to export wheat to mainland Portugal.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}} In earlier times, fish and vegetables were the settlers' main means of subsistence.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=http://www.visitmadeira.pt/en-gb/madeira/history |access-date=2 October 2021 |website=www.visitmadeira.pt |archive-date=22 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922120537/http://www.visitmadeira.pt/en-gb/madeira/history |url-status=live }}</ref>

Grain production began to fall and the ensuing crisis forced [[Henry the Navigator]] to order other commercial crops to be planted so that the islands could be profitable.{{Citation needed|date=April 2017}} These specialised plants, and their associated industrial technology, created one of the major revolutions on the islands and fuelled Portuguese industry. Following the introduction of the first water-driven sugar mill on Madeira, sugar production increased to over 6,000 ''arrobas'' (an ''arroba'' was equal to {{convert|11|to|12|kg|lb|disp=or}}) by 1455,<ref name="Crosby2015">{{cite book |author=Alfred W. Crosby |title=Ecological Imperialism, The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900–1900 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5KKNCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA77 |edition=2 |year=2015 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-56987-4 |page=77 |access-date=25 September 2017 |archive-date=6 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200106002634/https://books.google.com/books?id=5KKNCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA77 |url-status=live }}</ref> using advisers from [[Sicily]] and financed by [[Republic of Genoa|Genoese]] capital (Genoa acted as an integral part of the island economy until the 17th century). The accessibility of Madeira attracted Genoese and [[Flanders|Flemish]] traders, who were keen to bypass [[Republic of Venice|Venetian]] monopolies.

{{Blockquote|By 1480 [[Antwerp]] had some seventy ships engaged in the Madeira sugar trade, with the refining and distribution concentrated in Antwerp. By the 1490s Madeira had overtaken [[Cyprus]] as a producer of sugar."<ref name="Ponting 2000 482">{{cite book |last=Ponting |first=Clive |author-link=Clive Ponting |title=World history: a new perspective |year=2000 |publisher=Chatto & Windus |location=London |isbn=0-7011-6834-X |page=482 }}</ref>}}

Sugarcane production was the primary engine of the island's economy, which quickly afforded the Funchal metropolis economic prosperity. The production of sugar cane attracted adventurers and merchants from all parts of Europe, especially [[Italians]], [[Basques]], [[Catalans]], and [[Flemish people|Flemish]]. This meant that, in the second half of the fifteenth century, the city of Funchal became a mandatory port of call for European trade routes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 'White Gold' Era |url=http://www.visitmadeira.pt/en-gb/madeira/history/era-of-white-gold |access-date=2 October 2021 |website=www.visitmadeira.pt |archive-date=3 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003001357/http://www.visitmadeira.pt/en-gb/madeira/history/era-of-white-gold |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=davide |title=Madeira Ruled the Sugar Trade |url=https://www.portuguesemuseum.org/?page_id=1808&category=3&exhibit=&event=184 |access-date=11 November 2021 |language=en-US |archive-date=11 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111232354/https://portuguesemuseum.org/?page_id=1808&category=3&exhibit=&event=184 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Slaves were used during the island's period of sugar trade to cultivate sugar cane alongside paid workers, though slave owners were only a small minority of the Madeiran population, and those who did own slaves owned only a few. Slaves consisted of [[Guanches]] from the nearby Canary Islands.<ref>Godinho, V. M. ''Os Descobrimentos e a Economia Mundial'', Arcádia, 1965, Vol 1 and 2, Lisboa</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=madeira history |url=http://www.sanpedroassociation.com/shist.htm |access-date=11 November 2021 |website=www.sanpedroassociation.com |archive-date=3 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003183505/http://www.sanpedroassociation.com/shist.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Barbary corsairs]] from North Africa, who enslaved Europeans from ships and coastal communities throughout the Mediterranean region, captured [[Sack of Madeira|1,200 people in Porto Santo]] in 1617.<ref>Fernando Augusto da Silva & Carlos Azevedo de Menezes, "Porto Santo", ''Elucidário Madeirense'', vol. 3 (O-Z), Funchal, DRAC, p. 124.</ref><ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=5q9zcB3JS40C&pg=PA7 Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast and Italy, 1500–1800] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150331073518/http://books.google.com/books?id=5q9zcB3JS40C&pg=PA7&dq&hl=en |date=31 March 2015 }}''. Robert Davis (2004). p. 7. {{ISBN|1-4039-4551-9}}.</ref>

Until the first half of the sixteenth century, Madeira was one of the major sugar markets of the Atlantic. Apparently, it is in Madeira that, in the context of sugar production, slave labour was applied for the first time. The colonial system of sugar production was put into practice on the island of Madeira, on a much smaller scale, and later transferred, on a large scale, to other overseas production areas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Systems |first=Wow |title=Sugar Cane and Madeira Island |url=https://blog.madeira.best/sugar-cane-and-madeira-island |access-date=11 November 2021 |website=Madeira Sugar Cane History |language=en |archive-date=3 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003012205/https://blog.madeira.best/sugar-cane-and-madeira-island |url-status=live }}</ref>

Sugar mills were gradually abandoned, with few remaining, which gave way to other markets in Madeira.

In the 17th century, as Portuguese sugar production was shifted to Brazil, São Tomé and Príncipe and elsewhere, Madeira's most important commodity product became its wine.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Systems |first=Wow |title=Sugar Cane and Madeira Island |url=https://blog.madeira.best/sugar-cane-and-madeira-island |access-date=3 October 2021 |website=Madeira Sugar Cane History |language=en |archive-date=3 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003012205/https://blog.madeira.best/sugar-cane-and-madeira-island |url-status=live }}</ref> Sugar plantations were replaced by vineyards, originating in the so-called ‘Wine Culture’, which acquired international fame and provided the rise of a new social class, the [[Bourgeoisie]].

With the increase of commercial treaties with England, important English merchants settled on the Island and, ultimately, controlled the increasingly important island wine trade. The English traders settled in the Funchal as of the seventeenth century, consolidating the markets from North America, the [[West Indies]] and England itself. The [[Madeira wine]] became very popular in the markets and it is also said to have been used in a toast during the [[American Revolution|Declaration of Independence]] by the [[Founding Fathers of the United States]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Wine Cicle |url=http://www.visitmadeira.pt/en-gb/madeira/history/wine-culture |access-date=3 October 2021 |website=www.visitmadeira.pt |archive-date=3 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003001405/http://www.visitmadeira.pt/en-gb/madeira/history/wine-culture |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=USA celebrated independence with Madeira Wine |url=http://www.visitmadeira.pt/en-gb/madeira/did-you-know-that/usa-celebrated-independence-with-madeira-wine |access-date=3 October 2021 |website=www.visitmadeira.pt |archive-date=3 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003002610/http://www.visitmadeira.pt/en-gb/madeira/did-you-know-that/usa-celebrated-independence-with-madeira-wine |url-status=live }}</ref>[[File:Sé do Funchal.jpg|thumb|[[Cathedral of Funchal]] with its tower of 15th-century [[Gothic architecture|Gothic style]] in the background]]

As a result of a high demand for the season, there was a need to prepare guides for visitors. The first tourist guide of Madeira appeared in 1850 and focused on elements of history, geology, [[flora]], [[fauna]] and customs of the island.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The early days of Tourism |url=http://www.visitmadeira.pt/en-gb/madeira/history/the-early-days-of-tourism |access-date=3 October 2021 |website=www.visitmadeira.pt |archive-date=3 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003031706/http://www.visitmadeira.pt/en-gb/madeira/history/the-early-days-of-tourism |url-status=live }}</ref> Regarding hotel infrastructures, the British and the Germans were the first to launch the Madeiran hotel chain.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}} The historic [[Belmond Reid's Palace]] opened in 1891 as the "Reid's New Hotel"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fachada sul e jardins do Reid's New Hotel (atual Belmond Reid's Palace), Freguesia de São Martinho, Concelho do Funchal |url=https://arquivo-abm.madeira.gov.pt/descriptions/547060 |website=ABM}}</ref> and is still open to this day.

The [[British Empire|British]] first amicably occupied the island in 1801 whereafter Colonel [[William Henry Clinton]] became governor.<ref>{{cite web |title=Officer's presentation sword given to Brigadier General William Henry Clinton from the British Consul and Factory in Madeira, 1802 |url=http://www.nam.ac.uk/online-collection/detail.php?acc=1960-07-49-1 |publisher=[[National Army Museum]] |access-date=15 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817040540/http://www.nam.ac.uk/online-collection/detail.php?acc=1960-07-49-1 |archive-date=17 August 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A detachment of the [[85th Regiment of Foot]] under Lieutenant-colonel [[James Willoughby Gordon]] garrisoned the island.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gordon, Sir James Willoughby, 1st bt. (1772–1851), of Niton, I.o.W |url=http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1820-1832/member/gordon-sir-james-1772-1851 |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=15 August 2016 |archive-date=26 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826003156/http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1820-1832/member/gordon-sir-james-1772-1851 |url-status=live }}</ref>
After the [[Peace of Amiens]], British troops withdrew in 1802, only to reoccupy Madeira in 1807 until the end of the [[Peninsular War]] in 1814.<ref name="britishempire.co.uk">{{cite web |url=http://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/madeira.htm |title=The Map Room: Africa: Madeira |publisher=British Empire |access-date=30 July 2010 |archive-date=20 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101120162522/http://britishempire.co.uk/maproom/madeira.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1846 [[James Julius Wood]] wrote a series of seven sketches of the island. In 1856, British troops recovering from [[cholera]], and widows and orphans of soldiers fallen in the [[Crimean War]], were stationed in Funchal, Madeira.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}}

===World War I===
During the [[Great War]] on 3 December 1916, a [[German U-boat]], {{SMU|U-38}}, captained by [[Max Valentiner]], entered [[Funchal]] harbour on Madeira. ''U-38'' torpedoed and sank three ships, bringing the war to Portugal by extension. The ships sunk were:
* CS ''Dacia'' ({{convert|1856|ST|tonne ST|order=out|disp=or}}), a British cable-laying vessel.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://uboat.net/wwi/ships_hit/1531.html |title=Cable ship Dacia |work=Ships hit by U-boats – German and Austrian U-boats of World War One – Kaiserliche Marine |publisher=uboat.net |date=13 November 2010 |access-date=13 November 2010 |archive-date=8 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208022226/http://uboat.net/wwi/ships_hit/1531.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Dacia'' had previously undertaken war work off the coast of [[Casablanca]] and [[Dakar]]. It was in the process of diverting the German South American cable into Brest, France.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.atlantic-cable.com/Cableships/Dacia/index.htm |last1=Glover |first1=Bill |title=CS Dacia |website=History of the Atlantic Cable & Undersea Communications |date=10 July 2015 |access-date=7 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527044910/http://atlantic-cable.com/Cableships/Dacia/index.htm |archive-date=27 May 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[SS Kanguroo|SS ''Kanguroo'']] ({{convert|2493|ST|tonne ST|order=out|disp=or}}), a French specialized "heavy-lift" transport.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://uboat.net/wwi/ships_hit/3247.html |title=Submarine carrier Kanguroo |website=Ships hit by U-boats – German and Austrian U-boats of World War One – Kaiserliche Marine |publisher=uboat.net |date=13 November 2010 |access-date=13 November 2010 |archive-date=9 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809203212/https://uboat.net/wwi/ships_hit/3247.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''Surprise'' ({{convert|680|ST|tonne ST|order=out|disp=or}}), a French [[gunboat]]. Her commander and 34 crewmen (including 7 Portuguese) were killed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://uboat.net/wwi/ships_hit/5841.html |title=Gunboat Surprise |website=Ships hit by U-boats – German and Austrian U-boats of World War One – Kaiserliche Marine |publisher=uboat.net |date=13 November 2010 |access-date=13 November 2010 |archive-date=16 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616021815/http://uboat.net/wwi/ships_hit/5841.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

After attacking the ships, ''U-38'' bombarded Funchal for two hours from a range of about {{convert|2|mi|km|0|order=flip}}. Batteries on Madeira returned fire and eventually forced ''U-38'' to withdraw.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.madeiraislandnews.com/2016/07/a-bit-of-history.html |title=A bit of History |access-date=16 October 2016 |date=6 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018204354/http://www.madeiraislandnews.com/2016/07/a-bit-of-history.html |archive-date=18 October 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

On 12 December 1917, two German U-boats, ''[[SM U-156]]'' and ''[[SM U-157]]'' (captained by [[Max Valentiner]]), again bombarded Funchal.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Valentiner |first1=Max |title=300000 tonnen versenkt! Meine U-boots-fahrten |date=1917 |publisher=Ullstein & co. |location=Berlin |page=118 |edition=50. bis 100. tausend. |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015035617763;view=1up;seq=132 |access-date=27 January 2017 |archive-date=20 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920183612/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015035617763;view=1up;seq=132 |url-status=live }}</ref> This time the attack lasted around 30 minutes. The U-boats fired 40 {{cvt|4.7|and|5.9|in|mm|order=flip}} shells. There were three fatalities and 17 wounded; a number of houses and Santa Clara church were hit.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brandão |first1=Miguel |title=German Submarine war in Portuguese Waters: Esposende–a Smuggling Network |journal=British Journal of Military History |year=2016 |page=8 |hdl=10400.26/17890 }}</ref>

The last [[Austria-Hungary|Austrian Emperor]], [[Charles I of Austria|Charles I]], was exiled to Madeira after the war. Determined to prevent an attempt to restore Charles to the throne, the Council of Allied Powers agreed he could go into exile on Madeira because it was isolated in the Atlantic and easily guarded.<ref>[https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1921/11/06/107032370.pdf ''The New York Times''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208172702/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1921/11/06/107032370.pdf |date=8 December 2020 }}, 6 November 1921 (accessed 4 May 2009)</ref> He died there on 1 April 1922 and his coffin lies in a chapel of the [[Church of Our Lady of Monte]].