Editing Madagascar Armed Forces (section)

== History ==
[[File:Madagascar gun 1898.jpg|thumb|right|A [[flintlock]] gun seized in Madagascar by France in 1898, now displayed at the [[Muséum d'Histoire naturelle de La Rochelle]].]]The rise of centralized kingdoms among the [[Sakalava people|Sakalava]], [[Merina people|Merina]] and other ethnic groups produced the island's first standing armies, first equipped with spears, but later with muskets, cannons and other firearms. King [[Ralambo]] (1575–1612) raised the first standing army in the [[Central Highlands (Madagascar)|highland]] [[Merina Kingdom|Kingdom of Imerina]] with a handful of guns, although for at least two centuries the armies of the Sakalava were much larger and better equipped, possessing thousands of muskets obtained principally through trade with European partners.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Barendse | first = R. J. | title = The Arabian seas: the Indian Ocean world of the seventeenth century | publisher = M.E. Sharpe | location = Berlin | year = 2002 | pages = 259–274 | isbn = 978-0-7656-0729-4 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=_qvq9dN8j5MC |access-date = April 1, 2011}}</ref> By the early 19th century, however, the army of the Kingdom of Imerina was able to bring much of the island under Merina control.
[[File:Hierarchy of Kingdom of Merina Military.jpg|thumb|Military ranks of the [[Kingdom of Imerina]] military in the 19th century. Hierarchy from lower to upper class soldiers.]]

Merina Queen Ranavalona, like her predecessors, utilized the tradition of ''fanampoana'' (service due to the sovereign in lieu of taxes) to conscript a large portion of the population of Imerina into military service, enabling the queen to raise a standing army that was estimated at 20,000 to 30,000 soldiers.<ref name="army">{{Cite book | last = Freeman | first = Joseph John |author2=Johns, David | title = A narrative of the persecution of the Christians in Madagascar: with details of the escape of six Christian refugees now in England | publisher = J. Snow | location = Berlin | year = 1840 |url = https://archive.org/details/anarrativeperse01johngoog | access-date = February 5, 2011}}</ref>
By the late 19th century French plans to colonize Madagascar were gaining momentum, leading British mercenaries to provide training to the queen's army in an unsuccessful bid to repel the French troops. [[French Madagascar|Madagascar was colonized]] in 1896, and during World War II over 46,000 Malagasy soldiers were drafted to fight with the Allies, over 2,000 of whom died fighting for France.<ref name="BDT">Bradt (2010), pp. 7-10</ref>

Madagascar gained political independence and sovereignty over its military in 1960. Since this time Madagascar has never engaged in an armed conflict, whether against another state or within its own borders. As such the armed forces of Madagascar have primarily served a peacekeeping role. However, the military has occasionally intervened to restore order during periods of political unrest. When President [[Philibert Tsiranana]] was forced to step down in 1972, a military directorate ensured an interim government before appointing one of its own, Admiral [[Didier Ratsiraka]], to lead the country into its socialist [[Democratic Republic of Madagascar|Second Republic]]. He launched a strategy of obligatory national armed or civil service for all young citizens regardless of gender. The majority were channeled into civil service, including agriculture and education programs for rural development based on the socialist Soviet model.<ref>{{Citation | last = Strakes | first = Jason | contribution = Armed Forces of the People | year = 2006 | title = Encyclopedia of the developing world | editor-last = Leonard | editor-first = Thomas M. | volume = 1 | page = 86 | place = New York | publisher = Taylor & Francis | isbn = 978-1-57958-388-0 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3mE04D9PMpAC |access-date = April 1, 2011}}</ref> Ratsiraka would also mobilize elements of the military to pacify unarmed protesters, occasionally using violent means. His order to fire upon unarmed protesters in 1989 was the catalyst for transition to the democratic [[Third Republic of Madagascar|Third Republic]] in 1992. The military remained largely neutral during the protracted standoff between incumbent Ratsiraka and challenger [[Marc Ravalomanana]] in the disputed [[2001 Malagasy presidential election|2001 presidential elections]]. By contrast, in 2009 a segment of the army defected to the side of [[Andry Rajoelina]], then-mayor of [[Antananarivo]], in support of his attempt to force President Ravalomanana from power. It is widely believed that payoffs were involved in persuading these military personnel to change camps in support of the ''coup d'état''.<ref name="BDT" />

As of 2010, the military of Madagascar is composed of the 8,100 paramilitary of the National [[Gendarmerie]] and the 13,500 members of the Armed Forces. According to the International Institute of Strategic Studies' Military Balance 2010, the latter includes an Army of 12,500, a Navy of 500 and a 500-strong Air Force,<ref>[[IISS]] Military Balance 2010, p.314-315</ref> while the CIA Factbook describes the Armed Forces as consisting of the Intervention Force, Aeronaval Force (navy and air) and the Development Force. Military service is voluntary and limited to males aged 18 to 25; every citizen of either gender is required to have perform either military or civil service for a minimum of 18 months. However, because of a lack of up-to-date census data, this requirement is not currently enforced. The Gendarmerie recruits Malagasy citizens between the ages of 20 and 30 (or 35 if the recruit has prior military service). Military expenses constituted just over one percent of GDP.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Central Intelligence Agency|author-link=Central Intelligence Agency|title=The World Factbook: Madagascar |date=April 1, 2011 |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/madagascar/ |access-date=April 1, 2011 }}</ref> Under Ravalomanana, military expenditure doubled from 54 million USD in 2006 to 103 million USD in 2008.<ref>IISS Military Balance 2010, p.467</ref>