Editing Mackinac Island, Michigan (section)

==History==
[[File:Grand Hotel1.jpg|thumb|Grand Hotel]]

Andrew Blackbird was the son of an [[Ottawa people|Ottawa]] chief and served as an official interpreter for the U.S. government in the late 19th century. According to his 1887 history of the indigenous peoples of Michigan, the people of Mackinac Island had been a small independent tribe known as ''Mi-shi-ne-macki naw-go''. They became affiliated with the larger tribe of [[Odawa|Ottawa]] from Ottawa Island (now [[Manitoulin Island]]) situated north of [[Lake Huron]].<ref name=blackbird1887 />

One winter the Mi-shi-ne-macki naw-go on Mackinac were nearly annihilated by the [[Seneca people|Seneca]], the westernmost nation of the [[Iroquois Confederacy]], then based in present-day New York and Pennsylvania. Two natives escaped by hiding in one of the natural caves on the island. To commemorate this tribe, the Ottawa and Chippewa (Ojibwe) named the island as ''Mi-shi-ne-macki-nong,'' also known as ''Michilimackinac'' (meaning "Great Turtle") by the 18th century.<ref name=blackbird1887>{{cite book |first = Andrew J. |last = Blackbird |year = 1887 |title = History of the Ottawa and Chippewa Indians of Michigan: Earliest Possible Known History of Mackinac Island |location = Ypsilanti, MI |publisher = Ypsilantian Job Printing House |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=bX8CAAAAYAAJ |pages = 19–20 |isbn = 9780722200902 |oclc = 29210477 |via = [[Google Books]]}}</ref>

In 1654 French Jesuit [[missionaries]] recorded French traders at the island, who were with a large party of Huron and Ottawa heading to Three Rivers. Another trader was said to have made a canoe voyage to the island in 1665.<ref name=Bailey1887>{{cite book |first=John R. |last=Bailey |year=1896 |title=Mackinac Formerly Michilimackinac |location=Lansing, MI |publisher=Darius D. Thorp & Son |edition=2nd Neosho |url=https://archive.org/stream/mackinacformerly00bail/mackinacformerly00bail_djvu.txt |ol=22885767M |via=[[Archive.org]]}}</ref> The French colonists continued in the [[fur trade]], which became extremely lucrative; they operated out of [[Montreal]] and Quebec, and established posts on ''Mi-shi-ne-macki-nong'' and throughout the Great Lakes area. After the French ceded their territory in North America to the British in 1763 following defeat in the [[Seven Years' War]], the British established [[Fort St. Joseph (Ontario)|Fort St. Joseph]] and an installation on what was known as Michilimackinac. During the [[American Revolutionary War]], they vacated the fort.

By 1782, the Americans established a garrison on what they called Mackinac Island, commanded by Captain [[Daniel Robertson (British Army officer)|Daniel Robertson]]; he had command until his death in 1787. In 1796 as a result of [[Jay's Treaty]] with Great Britain, settling the northern border, the island officially became part of the United States and its [[Northwest Territory]].

In the early 1800s Mackinac Island had a permanent population of about 250. Although it was part of the United States, most of the residents were of French-Canadian and [[Métis]] ancestry, based on its colonial history, and French was the predominant language. The fur trade was the dominant feature of the economy. Native American languages, particularly Ojibwe and Odawa, and dialects were spoken by some residents. In the summer trading season, the population could reach 4,000, attracting agents and Native Americans from the interior.<ref name="therese">{{cite journal |jstor = 4635227 |first = John E. |last = McDowell |title = Therese Schindler of Mackinac: Upward Mobility in the Great Lakes Fur Trade |journal = Wisconsin Magazine of History |location = Madison |volume = 61 |issue = 2 |date = Winter 1977–78 |pages=125–43 <!-- |access-date = September 12, 2014-->}}</ref>

After the [[War of 1812]], the United States prohibited British fur traders from operating in US territory, cutting off some of the relations between Canadians and Native Americans on the US side. Some fur trading families divided their operations with posts on each side of the border. The noted French writer [[Alexis de Tocqueville]] visited Mackinac Island in July 1831 on his tour of the United States. He wrote about its unique population with its strong French and Native American influence.<ref name="c-span">{{cite web |first1=Phil |last1=Porter |first2=Susan |last2=Swain |date=August 7, 1997 |url=http://www.c-span.org/video/?89124-1/tocqueville-mackinac-island |title=Tocqueville in Mackinac Island |type=Video |work=Tocqueville |publisher=[[C-SPAN]]}}</ref>

Under American rule, Michilimackinac (the island and adjacent areas) had a [[justice of the peace]], supervisor of roads, and two military captains until the borough was formed.<ref name="mitc1">{{cite news |last1=Lien |first1=Cathryn |date=July 14, 2017 |title=City of Mackinac Island Reaches 200th Anniversary |language=en |work=Mackinac Island Town Crier |url=http://www.mackinacislandnews.com/news/2017-07-14/Top_News/City_of_Mackinac_Island_Reaches_200th_Anniversary.html |url-status=dead |access-date=February 7, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613084731/http://www.mackinacislandnews.com/news/2017-07-14/Top_News/City_of_Mackinac_Island_Reaches_200th_Anniversary.html |archive-date=Jun 13, 2018}}</ref> The island's people made a request through Indian Agent William Henry Puthuff on February 2, 1817, that a borough be established on the island and for building a jailhouse. In response on March 15, 1817, [[Michigan Territory]] Secretary William Woodbridge issued a proclamation forming the Township of Michilimackinac, giving the jurisdiction's distance from Detroit, the territorial capital. The governor and judges passed an act on April 6, 1817, forming the Borough of Michilimackinac.<ref name="mitc0">{{cite news|last1=Lien|first1=Cathryn|title=A History of the Borough of Michilimackinac, City of Mackinac|url=http://www.mackinacislandnews.com/news/2017-07-14/News/A_History_of_the_Borough_of_Michilimackinac_City_o.html|access-date=February 7, 2018|work=Mackinac Island Town Crier|date=July 14, 2017|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208123444/http://www.mackinacislandnews.com/news/2017-07-14/News/A_History_of_the_Borough_of_Michilimackinac_City_o.html|archive-date=February 8, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> The borough organizational meeting was held in the Indian Council House, presided over by Puthuff on Monday, July 7, 1817. (The site was within the boundaries of the current Marquette Park). At this meeting, the residents selected the following officers, a warden, two [[Burgess (title)|burgesses]], a clerk, a marshal and a treasurer. Puthuff was selected as warden, the chief official similar to a mayor. The [[American Fur Company]] was formed on Main Street, now Market Street.<ref name="mitc1" />

With the 1818 formation of [[Mackinac County, Michigan|Michilimackinac County]] by Territorial Governor [[Lewis Cass]], this borough was named as the county seat. The Borough form was later replaced with that of a village.<ref name="mitc0" /> Waren Puthuff was authorized by [[Statute|borough act]] to build a wharf at the end of Cross Street, now named Astor Street after John Jacob Astor. This wharf is the longest-lasting wharf on the island and was later used as the coal dock.<ref name="mitc1" />

On March 16, 1847, the Michigan state legislature passed a law abolishing the borough, effective April 1. The legislature reversed this action and incorporated the island as the Village of Mackinac, effective March 25, 1847.<ref>{{cite book|title=Public and Local Acts of the Legislature of the State of Michigan|date=1847|publisher=State of Michigan|pages=68, 69, 119–124|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PlTiAAAAMAAJ&q=Borough+of+Michilimackinac&pg=PA68|access-date=February 7, 2018|language=en}}</ref>

In the late 19th century, Mackinac Island became a popular summer resort destination for travelers from major cities such as [[Chicago]] and later [[Detroit]], as well as more distant ones. The [[Grand Hotel (Mackinac Island)|Grand Hotel]] was built as a luxury venue. The seasonal peak of population in the summer, now made up of thousands of tourists and service workers, follows the earlier cycle of the fur trade. As then, it is a time of festivities and entertainment.

In 1860, the ''Augustus Pond vs. The People'' court case was held in the county courthouse. It clarified the self-defense legal principle informally expressed as “a man’s home is his castle.”<ref name="mitc1" /> Hubbard's Annex was platted on the former Ambrose Davenport farm west of the harbor in 1882 by Gurdon Saltonstall Hubbard.<ref name="mitc" /> The [[county seat]] was moved from the municipality in 1882 to [[St. Ignace, Michigan|St. Ignace]], as more population had moved into the western part of the county.<ref name="mitc1" />

Personal motor vehicles were banned in 1895 in order to protect the health of the island horses and residents. Soon after the first automobiles made their way onto the island, members of Mackinac Island Carriage Tours petitioned the Village of Mackinac Island to ban the automobile as the "dangerous horseless carriage" startled the horses. This ban remains in effect today with only exceptions being city emergency vehicles (ambulance, police cars and fire trucks), city service vehicles and snowmobiles in winter.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of Mackinac Island Carriage Tours|url=https://www.mict.com/history.html|access-date=2021-04-16|website=www.mict.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2008-05-29|title=Mackinac Island Fact Sheet|url=http://www.mackinacisland.org/pdfs/mackinacislandfactsheet.pdf|access-date=2021-04-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080529014639/http://www.mackinacisland.org/pdfs/mackinacislandfactsheet.pdf|archive-date=May 29, 2008}}</ref>

The [[Michigan Legislature]] created the City of Mackinac Island on June 9, 1899, via act 437 as a special charter city, combining the [[Holmes Township, Mackinac County, Michigan|Township of Holmes]] and Village of Mackinac.<ref>{{cite book |author = Michigan Legislature |author-link = Michigan Legislature |year = 1899 |url = https://cdm16110.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p16110coll6/id/98469
 |chapter = Local Act 437: An Act to Vacate the Township of Holmes and Village of Mackinac, in Mackinac County, State of Michigan, and to Incorporate the City of Mackinac Island in Said Mackinac County |title = Local Acts of the Legislature of the State of Michigan Passed at the Regular Session of 1899 with an Appendix |location = Lansing, MI |publisher = Robert Smith Printing Company |pages = 377–438 |oclc = 679994901 |via = [[Library of Michigan]]}}</ref> At that time, all of nearby [[Round Island (Michigan)|Round Island]] was included in the corporate limits, for reasons not clear today.

Round Island is owned and overseen by the [[United States Forest Service]] in its entirety, and is managed as part of the Round Island [[Wilderness area|Wilderness Area]] and the [[Hiawatha National Forest]]. The city limits include all of [[Mackinac Island State Park]], which area makes up 82 percent of Mackinac Island; it is governed by the [[Mackinac Island State Park Commission]].