Editing Lupang Hinirang (section)

==History==
{{multiple image
| image1            = Julian Felipe.jpg
| width1            = 200
| caption1          = [[Julián Felipe]], composer of the music
| image2            = Jose_Palma.jpg
| width2            = 178
| caption2          = [[José Palma]], author of the lyrics
| align             = right
}}

"Lupang Hinirang" began as [[incidental music]] which [[President of the Philippines|President]] [[Emilio Aguinaldo]] commissioned for use in the [[Philippine Declaration of Independence|proclamation of Philippine independence]] from Spain. This task was given to [[Julián Felipe]] and was to replace a march which Aguinaldo had deemed unsatisfactory. The original title of this new march was "Marcha Filipina-Magdalo" (Philippine-[[Magdalo (Katipunan faction)|Magdalo]] March), and was later changed to "Marcha Nacional Filipina" (Philippine National March) upon its adoption as the national anthem of the [[First Philippine Republic]] on June 11, 1898, a day before independence was to be proclaimed.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://ncca.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/BALANGHAY-MAY-JUNE-2012.pdf|magazine=Balanghay: The Philippine Factsheet|issue=3. May–June|year=2012|title=The Philippine National Anthem|publisher=National Commission for Culture and the Arts|access-date=September 8, 2021|archive-date=November 30, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130082139/https://ncca.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/BALANGHAY-MAY-JUNE-2012.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Felipe said that he had based his composition on three other musical pieces: the "[[Marcha Real]]", which is the current Spanish national anthem; the "[[Grand March]]" from [[Giuseppe Verdi]]'s ''[[Aida]]''; and the French national anthem, "[[La Marseillaise]]".<ref name="richardson malacanang">{{Cite web |title=The National Anthem's predecessor and influences |url=http://malacanang.gov.ph/7815-the-national-anthems-predecessor-and-influences/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213020237/http://malacanang.gov.ph/7815-the-national-anthems-predecessor-and-influences/|archive-date=December 13, 2014|url-status=dead |publisher=[[Malacañang Palace]]}}</ref> It was played by the ''Banda San Francisco de Malabón'' (now called the ''Banda Matanda'', from present-day [[General Trias]]) during the proclamation rites on June 12.

In August 1899, soldier and writer [[José Palma]] penned the Spanish poem ''Filipinas'', which in turn was derived from a Kapampangan poem called ''Labuad Mapalad'' by Mariano Proceso Pabalan of Bacolor, Pampanga written in September 1898<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 31, 2020 |title=The History of Lupang Hinirang – The Story of Us {{!}} Kapampangan Media |url=https://kapampangan.org/the-history-of-lupang-hinirang-the-story-of-us/ |access-date=December 21, 2021 |website=kapampangan.org |language=en-US}}</ref> during his stay in Casa Hacienda in [[Bautista, Pangasinan]]. The poem was published for the first time for the first anniversary of the newspaper ''La Independencia'' on September 3, 1899, and was subsequently set to the tune of the "Marcha Nacional Filipina".<ref name="palmabook1">The original text, as published in Barcelona, Spain in 1912: {{Cite book |last=Palma |first=José |url=https://archive.org/details/adh5969.0001.001.umich.edu |title=Melancólicas: Coleccion de Poesías |publisher=Liberería Manila Filatélica |year=1912 |location=[[Manila]], [[Philippines]] |author-link=José Palma}} (Digital copy found online at [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?seq=5&view=image&size=100&id=miun.adh5969.0001.001&u=1&num=58 HathiTrust Digital Library] on March 31, 2010)</ref><ref name="palma2">Contemporary restatements of and comments about the original text:<br />
^ {{Cite book |url=http://www.msc.edu.ph/centennial/ |title=The Philippines Centennial |publisher=msc.edu.ph |chapter=The Making of Filipinas |access-date=November 12, 2008 |chapter-url=http://www.msc.edu.ph/centennial/filipinas.html}}<br />
^ {{Cite book |url=http://www.filipinaslibrary.org.ph/ |title=Filipinas Heritage Library |publisher=filipinaslibrary.org.ph |chapter=The Philippine National Anthem |access-date=March 30, 2010 |chapter-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100413090729/http://www.filipinaslibrary.org.ph/filipiniana/nationalanthem.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819235440/http://www.filipinaslibrary.org.ph/ |archive-date=August 19, 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The [[Flag Act (Philippines)|Flag Act of 1907]] prohibited the use of the anthem and other Philippine revolutionary and Katipunan symbols for a short period of time. When it was repealed back in 1919, the [[Insular Government]] decided to translate the hymn from its original Spanish version to the English version. The first translation was written around that time by the renowned poet [[Paz Marquez Benitez|Paz Márquez Benítez]] of the [[University of the Philippines]]. The most popular translation, called the "[[Philippine Hymn]]", was written by [[Senate of the Philippines|Senator]] [[Camilo Osías]] and an [[American people|American]], Mary A. Lane. The anthem was played alongside the United States anthem, "[[The Star-Spangled Banner]]", which was adopted in 1931, until the country's eventual [[Treaty of Manila (1946)|independence in 1946]].

[[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] translations began appearing in the 1940s, with the first known one titled "[[#Diwa ng Bayan|Diwa ng Bayan]]" (Spirit of the Country), which was sung during the [[Japanese occupation of the Philippines]]. The second most popular one was "O Sintang Lupa" (O Beloved Land) by [[Julian Cruz Balmaceda|Julián Cruz Balmaceda]], [[Ildefonso Santos]], and Francisco Caballo; this was adopted as the official version in 1948. Upon the adoption of "Diwa ng Bayan", the song "[[Awit sa Paglikha ng Bagong Pilipinas]]" and the Japanese national anthem "[[Kimigayo]]" were replaced.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Cribb |first1=Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DGQMKex16AsC&q=%22Diwa%20ng%20Bayan%22&pg=PA269 |title=Imperial Japan and National Identities in Asia, 1895–1945 |last2=Narangoa Li |date=July 22, 2003 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0-7007-1482-0 |page=28}}</ref>

During the term of [[President of the Philippines|President]] [[Ramon Magsaysay]], Education Secretary Gregorio Hernández formed a commission to revise the lyrics. On May 26, 1956, the [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] translation "Lupang Hinirang" was sung for the first time. Minor revisions were made in the 1960s, and it is this version by Felipe Padilla de León which is presently used.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

The [[Martial Law in the Philippines|Martial Law years from 1972 to 1981]] during the second term of [[Ferdinand Marcos]] up to the [[People Power Revolution|1986 EDSA Revolution]] saw the use of the National Anthem as the opening protest song of some political parties, activist organizations, and union groups, accompanied by the use of the "raised clenched fist" salute instead of the traditional hand-to-heart salute. This was notably done by opposition political parties and activists.

Some of the original meanings in "Filipinas" have been lost in translation; for example, "''hija del sol de oriente''" ({{transliteration|es|Daughter of the orient (eastern) sun}}) in the original Spanish version became "child of the sun returning" in the Philippine Hymn and "''perlas ng silanganan''" ({{transliteration|fil|pearl of the orient}}) in the present (official) version.<ref name="mabini">{{Cite book |last=Ocampo |first=Ambeth R. |title=Mabini's Ghost |publisher=Anvil Publishing |year=1995 |location=[[Pasig]], [[Philippines]] |author-link=Ambeth Ocampo}}</ref> The time signature in performance had been changed from 2/4 to 4/4 to facilitate singing and the [[key signature|key]] changed from the original [[C major]] to [[G major|G]] in the 1920s.<ref name="ambeth" /> However, this change was not codified into law.<ref name="ambeth" />

The 1956 [[Filipino language|Filipino]] lyrics were confirmed in 1958 by [[Republic Acts of the Philippines|Republic Act]] No. 8491 (the "Flag and Heraldic Code of the Philippines") in 1998, abandoning use of both the Spanish and English versions.<ref name="ra8491" /> Philippine law requires that the anthem always be rendered in accordance with Felipe's original musical arrangement and composition, but the original [[holograph]] cannot be located.<ref name="ra8491" /><ref name="ambeth">{{Cite journal |last=Ocampo |first=Ambeth R. |date=May 24, 2005 |title=The right way to sing the National Anthem |url=http://news.inq7.net/opinion/index.php?index=2&story_id=38046&col=80 |journal=Philippines Daily Inquirer |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050526123412/http://news.inq7.net/opinion/index.php?index=2&story_id=38046&col=80 |archive-date=May 26, 2005}} (archived from [http://news.inq7.net/opinion/index.php?index=2&story_id=38046&col=80 the original] on May 26, 2005)</ref> In 2011, Senator [[Bong Revilla]] introduced a bill which, among other things, would have removed the requirement that the anthem be sung "in its original [[Filipino language|Filipino]] lyrics and march tempo", but this was not promulgated into law.<ref name="SB2691 s.2011">SB2691 s.2011
*{{cite press release|url=http://legacy.senate.gov.ph/press_release/2011/0611_revilla1.asp|title=Modification of PH Flag Pushed|date=June 11, 2011|publisher=Philippine Senate of the 18th Congress}}
*{{Cite web |date=February 12, 1998 |title=[A Senate Bill seeking to amend] An Act prescribing the Code of the National Flag, Anthem, Motto, Coat-of-Arms and other heraldic items and devices of the Philippines |url=http://legacy.senate.gov.ph/lisdata/107599196!.pdf |access-date=January 14, 2021}}</ref>

===Other anthems===
"Lupang Hinirang" was not the first Philippine national anthem to ever be conceived. The composer and revolutionist [[Julio Nakpil]] composed "[[Marangal na Dalit ng Katagalugan]]" (Honorable Hymn of the Tagalog Nation/People) upon the request of [[Andrés Bonifacio]], the leader of the [[Katipunan]], the secret society that had spearheaded the Revolution.<ref name="nakpil">{{Cite book |last=Nakpil |first=Julio |title=Julio Nakpil and the Philippine Revolution: With the Autobiography of Gregoria de Jesús |publisher=Academic Publishing Corporation |year=1997 |isbn=971-707-048-2 |editor-last=Alzona |editor-first=Encarnacion |location=Quezon City |translator-last=Encarnacion Alzona |author-link=Julio Nakpil |orig-year=1964}}</ref><ref name="richardson malacanang" /><ref name="richardson book">{{Cite book |last=Richardson |first=Jim |title=The Light of Liberty: Documents and Studies on the Katipunan, 1892-1897 |publisher=Ateneo de Manila University Press |year=2013 |isbn=9789715506755 |location=Quezon City}}</ref> Bonifacio had converted the organization into a revolutionary government—with himself as President—known as the [[Tagalog Republic]] just before hostilities erupted. The term "''Katagalugan''" in Bonifacio's usage referred to the Philippine Islands and its population as a whole; not just [[Tagalog people|ethnic Tagalogs]], but all [[Filipinos]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Guerrero |first=Milagros C. |date=2003 |orig-date=1996 |title=Andres Bonifacio and the 1896 Revolution |url=http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about_cultarts/articles.php?artcl_Id=5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118020717/http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about_cultarts/articles.php?artcl_Id=5 |archive-date=January 18, 2008 |access-date=September 26, 2007 |publisher=National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA) |quote=The word tagalog means all those born in this archipelago; therefore, though visayan, ilocano, pamapango, etc. they are all tagalogs.}} [From the [[Kartilya ng Katipunan|Katipunan primer]].]</ref><ref name="richardson book" /> Nakpil composed his national anthem for Bonifacio in Balara (part of modern [[Quezon City]]) in November 1896, and Bonifacio later promoted its use in Cavite, where it was still known as late as 1898.<ref name="nakpil" /><ref name="richardson book" /> But after Bonifacio's ''Katipunan'' and ''Republika ng Katagalugan'' were superseded by a succession of various governments led by Aguinaldo starting in 1897, Nakpil's anthem was never officially adopted by them.<ref name="nakpil" /><ref name="richardson book" /><ref name="richardson malacanang" />

Some sources assert that an English version written by Mary A. Lane and [[Camilo Osías]] was legalized by Commonwealth Act No. 382.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Roces |first=Alejandro R. |date=June 11, 2009 |title=Celebrating our freedom |work=The Philippine Star |url=https://www.philstar.com/opinion/2009/06/11/476114/celebrating-our-freedom |access-date=January 3, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Uckung |first=Peter Jaynul V. |date=September 7, 2012 |title=Music for the National Soul |work=National Historical Commission of the Philippines |url=https://nhcp.gov.ph/music-for-the-national-soul/ |access-date=January 3, 2022}}</ref> The act, however, only concerns itself with the instrumental composition by Julián Felipe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 5, 1938 |title=Commonwealth Act No. 382 |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1938/09/05/commonwealth-act-no-382/ |access-date=January 3, 2022 |website=Official Gazette (Philippines)}}</ref>

During [[World War II]], [[Felipe Padilla de León]] composed "[[Awit sa Paglikha ng Bagong Pilipinas]]", commissioned as a replacement anthem by the [[Japanese occupation of the Philippines|Japanese-sponsored]] [[Second Philippine Republic]]. It was later adapted during the [[Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos|martial law era]] under President [[Ferdinand Marcos]] into the patriotic song titled "Hymn of the New Society", not to be confused with the "[[Bagong Pagsilang|March of the New Society]]".