Editing Luis Muñoz Marín (section)

==Early life and education==

===Childhood===
Luis Muñoz Marín was born on February 18, 1898, at 152 Calle de la Fortaleza in [[Old San Juan]]. He was the son of [[Luis Muñoz Rivera]] and Amalia Marín Castilla. His father was a poet, publisher, and a politician, responsible for founding two newspapers, ''El Diario'' and ''La Democracia.'' Days before Luis' birth, his father traveled to Spain to present a proposal of autonomy for Puerto Rico, which was accepted.<ref name="p.1">Bernier-Grand et al., p.1</ref> His father was elected to serve as [[Secretary of State of Puerto Rico]] and Chief of the Cabinet for the Government of Puerto Rico.

On October 18, 1898, Puerto Rico was taken by the United States following Spain's defeat in the [[Spanish–American War]]. Luis's father assisted in establishing an insular police force, but opposed the military colonial government established by the United States. He resigned from office on February 4, 1899, but was later elected to the House of Delegates of Puerto Rico.

One of Muñoz Marín's paternal great-grandfathers, Luis Muñoz Iglesias, was born on October 12, 1797, in [[Province of Palencia|Palencia]], Spain. At age 14, he had joined the [[Spanish Army]] and battled Napoleon Bonaparte's [[French Army]] in the [[Peninsular War]]. Afterward he decided to make his career in the army, and was awarded decorations after fighting against [[Simón Bolívar]] during the [[Admirable Campaign]] of independence in Latin America. Once the conflict was over, he traveled to Puerto Rico along with his commanding officer, [[Miguel de la Torre]]. He subsequently settled in a farm in [[Cidra, Puerto Rico|Cidra]] and married María Escolástica Barrios.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aP2rD2wtmVMC&q=Luis+Munoz+Iglesias&pg=PA16 |title=Luis Muñoz Marín By A. W. Maldonado |isbn=9780847701582 |access-date=June 27, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416191745/https://books.google.com/books?id=aP2rD2wtmVMC&pg=PA16&dq=Luis+Munoz+Iglesias |archive-date=April 16, 2016 |url-status=live |last1=Maldonado |first1=A. W. |year=2006 |publisher=La Editorial, UPR }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://biblioteca.uprh.edu/cultural/santiago%20Maunez/munoz.pdf |title=Luis Muñoz Iglesias (Spanish) |access-date=March 13, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720100903/http://biblioteca.uprh.edu/cultural/santiago%20Maunez/munoz.pdf |archive-date=July 20, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>  One of his great-grandmothers was Rosa Solá, a woman held in slavery by his great grandfather, Vicente Marín.<ref>See baptismal record of Ramón Marín, republished in Ramón Marín, Obra Completa. Socorro Girón, ed. Ponce, 1989.</ref>

In 1901 when Muñoz Marín was three years old, a group of statehood supporters broke into his father's  ''El Diario's'' building and vandalized most of the equipment.<ref name="p.8-9">Bernier-Grand et al., pp. 8–9</ref> Following this incident, the family moved to [[Caguas, Puerto Rico|Caguas]]. After receiving further threats from the statehood movements, the family moved to New York City.<ref name="p.8-9"/> There Muñoz Marín learned English, while his father founded the bilingual newspaper, ''Puerto Rico Herald''. During the following years, the family frequently traveled between both locations.<ref name="p.10-11">Bernier-Grand et al., pp. 10–11</ref> His father founded the [[Union of Puerto Rico|Unionist Party]] in Puerto Rico, which won the election in 1904. Following the party's victory, his father was elected as a member of the House of Delegates.<ref name="p.10-11"/>

Muñoz Marín began his elementary education at William Penn Public School in [[Santurce, Puerto Rico|Santurce]], a district of San Juan.<ref name="p.12">Bernier-Grand et al., p. 12</ref> Most classes were taught in English, a change imposed by the American colonial government. Muñoz Marín's knowledge of English allowed him to be advanced to second grade, although he had some difficulty the next year.<ref name="p.12"/> In 1908, Muñoz Marín was enrolled in a small private school in San Juan. Working with the teacher Pedro Moczó, in two years he covered all the material normally taught to students between third and eighth grade, passing tests with good grades.<ref name="p.15">Bernier-Grand et al., p. 15</ref>

In 1910, his father was elected as [[Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico]]. This position is a non-voting delegate to the [[United States Congress]]. 

In 1911, he began his studies at the [[Georgetown Preparatory School]] but disliked its strict discipline and failed the tenth grade.<ref name="p.18-19">Bernier-Grand et al., pp. 18–19</ref> In 1915, his father enrolled him at [[Georgetown University Law Center]], but Muñoz Marín was uninterested and wanted to become a poet.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Maldon|first1=A.W.|title=Luis Muñoz Marín: Puerto Ricos democratic revolution|date=2006|publisher=Editorial de la Univ. de Puerto Rico|page=16}}</ref><ref name="RHC Bio">{{cite web |title=Luiz Muñoz Marin |url=http://rafaelhernandezcolon.org/PDF/BiografiaLMM.pdf |website=rafaelhernandezcolon |publisher=Fundación Rafael Hernández Colón |access-date=12 May 2020 |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729015629/http://rafaelhernandezcolon.org/PDF/BiografiaLMM.pdf |archive-date=July 29, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In late 1916, Muñoz Marín and his mother were called to Puerto Rico by their friend Eduardo Georgetti, who said Luis' father was suffering from an infection spreading from his [[gallbladder]]. Muñoz Rivera died on November 15, 1916, when Luis was eighteen.<ref name="Foundation 1">{{cite web |url=http://www.munoz-marin.org/pags_nuevas_folder/biografia_folder/primeros.html|title=Luis Muñoz Marín: Primeros Años|access-date=October 1, 2007 |work=Fundación Luis Muñoz Marín |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20041118034125/http://www.munoz-marin.org/pags_nuevas_folder/biografia_folder/primeros.html |archive-date = November 18, 2004|language=es}}</ref>

===Poetry and ideological contrasts===
A month later Muñoz Marín and his mother returned to New York; he sold his law books and refused to return to Georgetown.<ref name="p.26">Bernier-Grand et al., p. 26</ref> Within one month he published a book titled ''Borrones'', composed of several stories and a one-act play. For several months, he served as the congressional clerk to [[Félix Córdova Dávila]], who succeeded Muñoz Marín's father as Resident Commissioner.<ref>La Obra de Félix Córdova Dávila, Correspondencia Política entre Félix Córdova Dávila y Antonio R. Barceló (1917–1921), published by Oficina del Historiador de Puerto Rico, 2008, {{ISBN|978-1-934461-12-9}}</ref>