Editing Lublin (section)

==History==
{{see also|Timeline of Lublin}}
[[File:Alians PL,CracowGateInLublin,2012,P9240022.jpg|thumb|left|[[Kraków Gate in Lublin|Kraków Gate]] in the Old Town is among the city's most recognisable landmarks.]]
Archaeological finds indicate a long presence of cultures in the area. A complex of settlements started to develop on the future site of Lublin and in its environs in the sixth to seventh centuries. Remains of settlements dating back to the sixth century were discovered in the centre of today's Lublin on Czwartek ("Thursday") Hill.

The [[early Middle Ages]] were marked by an intensified settlement of people, particularly in the areas along river valleys. The settlements were centred around the stronghold on Old Town Hill, which was likely one of the main centres of the [[Lendians]], a [[Lechites|Lechitic]] tribe. When the tribal [[stronghold]] was destroyed in the 10th century, the centre shifted to the northeast, to a new stronghold above Czechówka valley and, after the mid-12th century, to Castle Hill.

At least two churches are presumed to have existed in Lublin in the early medieval period. One of them was most probably erected on Czwartek Hill during the rule of [[Casimir the Restorer]] in the 11th century.<ref name="Rozwalka">{{cite book |author=Andrzej Rozwałka |author2=Rafał Niedźwiadek |author3=Marek Stasiak |title='Origines Polonorum': Lublin wczesnośredniowieczny |work=The medieval urban complex of Lublin. A study of its spatial development |publisher=TRIO / FNP |year=2006 |pages=199–203 |id=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160225165050/http://hellostudio.eu/polonorum/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Lublin_summary.pdf Summary translated by Philip Earl Steele] (PDF).}}</ref> The castle became the seat of a [[castellan]], first mentioned in historical sources from 1224, but was quite possibly present from the start of the 12th or even 10th century. The oldest historical document mentioning Lublin dates from 1198, so the name must have come into general use some time earlier.<ref name="Rozwalka"/>

[[File:Autor Paweł Brodzisz © tytuł ZAMEK LUBELSKI 2022 47x37cm linoryt.jpg|thumb|''Lublin Castle'' – (2022). Linocut on paper by [[Paweł Brodzisz]], 37 x 47 cm]]

The location of Lublin at the eastern borders of the Polish lands gave it military significance. During the first half of the 13th century, Lublin was a target of attacks by [[Mongols]], [[Tatars]], [[Ruthenians]], and [[Lithuanians]], which resulted in its destruction.<ref name="Rozwalka"/> It was also ruled by [[Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia]] between 1289 and 1302.<ref name="Rozwalka"/> Lublin was founded as a town by [[Władysław I the Elbow-high]] or between 1258 and 1279 during the rule of the prince [[Bolesław V the Chaste]].<ref name="Rozwalka"/> [[Casimir III the Great]], appreciating the site's strategic importance, built a masonry castle in 1341 and encircled the city with defensive walls.<ref name="lublin.eu">{{cite web|url=http://www.lublin.eu/images/media/1246528127_informator_angielski_POPRAWKI_06.2009.pdf|title=Tourist Guide: Lublin|work=Lublin City Council|date=2009|page=2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150420082704/http://www.lublin.eu/images/media/1246528127_informator_angielski_POPRAWKI_06.2009.pdf|archive-date=20 April 2015}}</ref> From 1326, if not earlier, the stronghold on Castle Hill included a chapel in honor of the Holy Trinity. A stone church dating to 1335–1370 exists to this day.<ref name="Rozwalka"/>

===Jagiellonian Poland===
{{multiple image
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| image1 = Lublin, Zamek; wzgórze zamkowe zielenią, drzewostanem, ulicami, alejkami i schodami 01.jpg
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| caption2 = [[Lublin Castle|Castle]] courtyard with a fortified [[keep]]
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In 1392, the city received an important trade privilege from the king [[Władysław II Jagiełło]]. With the coming of peace between Poland and Lithuania, it developed into a trade centre, handling a large portion of commerce between the countries. In 1474, the area around Lublin was carved out of [[Sandomierz Voivodeship]] and combined to form the [[Lublin Voivodeship]], the third voivodeship of Lesser Poland.

During the 15th and 16th centuries, the town grew rapidly. The largest trade fairs of the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] were held in Lublin. In the 16th century, the parliaments (''[[Sejm of the Kingdom of Poland|Sejm]]'') of the Kingdom of Poland were held in Lublin several times. On 26 June 1569, one of the most important proclaimed the [[Union of Lublin]], which united Poland and [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania|Lithuania]]. Lublin as one of the most influential cities<ref name="Rozwalka"/> of the state enjoyed voting rights during the [[royal elections in Poland]].

Some of the artists and writers of the 16th century [[Polish renaissance]] lived and worked in Lublin, including [[Sebastian Klonowic]] and [[Jan Kochanowski]], who died in the city in 1584. In 1578, the [[Crown Tribunal]], the highest court of the [[Lesser Poland Province, Crown of the Kingdom of Poland|Lesser Poland Province]], was established in Lublin.<ref name="Rozwalka"/>

Since the second half of the 16th century, [[Protestant Reformation]] movements devolved in Lublin, and a large congregation of [[Polish Brethren]] was present in the city. One of Poland's most important Jewish communities was established in Lublin around this time.<ref name="Rozwalka"/> Jews established a widely respected'' yeshiva'', Jewish hospital, synagogue, [[Old Jewish Cemetery, Lublin|cemetery]], and education centre (''kahal'') and built the Grodzka Gate (known as the Jewish Gate) in the historic district. Jews were a vital part of the city's life until the [[Holocaust]], during which they were relocated by [[Nazi Germany]] to the infamous [[Lublin Ghetto]] and ultimately murdered.<ref name="Rozwalka"/>

[[File:Lublin Union 1569.PNG|thumb|''[[Union of Lublin (painting)|Union of Lublin]]'', painting by [[Jan Matejko]] at the [[National Museum, Lublin|National Museum of Lublin]]]]

The yeshiva became a centre of learning of [[Talmud]] and [[Kabbalah]], leading the city to be called "the Jewish [[University of Oxford|Oxford]]".<ref name="Rozwalka"/> In 1567, the ''[[rosh yeshiva]]'' (headmaster) received the title of rector from the king along with rights and privileges equal to those of the heads of Polish universities.

The city declined due to the disastrous [[Deluge (history)|Deluge]], when it was invaded by [[Tsardom of Russia|Russo]]-[[Cossacks|Cossack]] forces in 1655, and [[Swedish Empire|Sweden]] in 1656.

===19th and early 20th century===
After the [[Third Partition of Poland]] in 1795, Lublin was located in the [[Habsburg monarchy|Austrian empire]], then following the [[Austro-Polish War]] of 1809 it was part of the short-lived Polish [[Duchy of Warsaw]], and then in 1815 it became part of the [[Congress Poland]] in the [[Russian Partition]] of Poland.

[[File:Lublin Market Square (8265258).jpg|thumb|left|19th-century drawing of the Lublin Old Town by Adam Lerue]]
At the beginning of the 19th century, new squares, streets, and public buildings were built. In 1877, a railway connection to Warsaw and [[Kovel]] and [[Lublin Station]] were constructed, spurring industrial development. Lublin's population grew from 28,900 in 1873 to 50,150 in 1897 (including 24,000 Jews).<ref>[[Joshua D. Zimmerman]], ''Poles, Jews and the Politics of Nationality'', Univ of Wisconsin Press, 2004, {{ISBN|978-0-299-19464-2}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=6sbr9cZyw_4C&dq=population+Brest+Poles+Jews&pg=PA16 Google Print, p. 16]</ref>

Russian rule ended in 1915, when the city was occupied by German and Austro-Hungarian armies. After the defeat of the [[Central Powers]] in 1918, the [[Provisional People's Government of the Republic of Poland]]—the first government of independent Poland—operated in Lublin for a short time. In the interwar years, the city continued to modernise and its population grew; important industrial enterprises were established, including the first aviation factory in Poland, the [[Plage i Laśkiewicz]] works, later nationalised as the [[LWS (aircraft manufacturer)|LWS]] factory. The [[Catholic University of Lublin]] was founded in 1918.

In 1921, Roman Catholics constituted 58.9% of the city's population, with Jews at 39.5%. In 1931, 63.7% of the inhabitants were Roman Catholic and 34.7% Jewish.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sadkowski |first1=Konrad |title=Church, nation and state in Poland: Catholicism and national identity formation in the Lublin region, 1918–1939 |date=1995 |publisher=[[University of Michigan]] |pages=85–86}}</ref>

On 20 July 1931 [[1931 Lublin tornado|a violent tornado]] carved a path of destruction through the city, destroying dozens of structures in downtown and killing six people. This tornado is officially rated F4 on the [[Fujita scale]]; however, the Polish Weather Service estimated winds at {{convert|246|to|324|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}, potentially ranking it as an F5.<ref name="ESWD">{{cite web|publisher=European Severe Storms Laboratory|year=2022|access-date=December 8, 2022|title=European Severe Weather Database|url=http://essl.org/ESWD/}}</ref>

===World War II===
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-013-0068-18A, Polen, Treffen deutscher und sowjetischer Soldaten.jpg|thumb|German and Soviet troops in Lublin during the invasion of Poland in September 1939]]
In early September 1939, during the joint German-Soviet [[invasion of Poland]], which started [[World War II]], the Polish government evacuated a portion of the Polish [[gold reserve]] from Warsaw to Lublin, and then further east to [[Łuck]],<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Wróbel|first=Janusz|year=2002|title=Wojenne losy polskiego złota|magazine=Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej|language=pl|publisher=[[Institute of National Remembrance|IPN]]|issue=8-9 (19-20)|page=56|issn=1641-9561}}</ref> before the city was [[Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)|occupied by Germany]], and found itself in the newly formed [[General Government]] territory. The Polish population became a target of severe Nazi persecutions focusing on [[intelligentsia]] and Polish Jews. In November 1939, during the ''[[Intelligenzaktion]]'', the Germans carried out mass arrests of hundreds of Poles, including teachers, judges, lawyers, engineers, priests, lecturers of the local theological seminary, and lecturers and students of the [[Catholic University of Lublin]],<ref name=mw247>{{cite book|last=Wardzyńska|first=Maria|year=2009|title=Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion|language=pl|location=Warszawa|publisher=[[Institute of National Remembrance|IPN]]|page=247}}</ref> which the occupiers closed down.<ref name=mw247/> Arrested Poles were held in a prison established in the Lublin Castle, and many were afterwards deported to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camps]].<ref name=mw247/>

On 23–25 December 1939, the Germans carried out massacres of 31 Poles in several locations in Lublin.<ref name=mw248>Wardzyńska. ''Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion''. p. 247–248</ref> Among the victims were lawyers, professors, school principals, [[starost]]s of [[Lublin County|Lublin]] and [[Lubartów County|Lubartów]] counties and other well-known and respected citizens of the region.<ref name=mw248/> In January and February 1940, the occupiers arrested 23 [[Order of Friars Minor Capuchin|Capuchin friars]] and 43 [[Jesuit]] friars.<ref>Wardzyńska. ''Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion''. p. 248</ref> Persecution of Polish intelligentsia was continued with the ''[[German AB-Aktion in Poland|AB-Aktion]]''. On 24 June 1940, the Germans carried out mass arrests of over 800 Poles in Lublin, who were then imprisoned in the castle, along with dozens of Poles who were arrested at the same time in other towns in the region, including [[Biała Podlaska]], [[Chełm]], [[Puławy]].<ref name=mw264>Wardzyńska. ''Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion''. p. 264–265</ref> Many of the prisoners were then deported to the [[Sachsenhausen concentration camp|Sachsenhausen]] and [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz]] concentration camps, while around 500 Poles were murdered in [[Executions in Rury Jezuickie|five large massacres]] carried out in the present-day district of [[Rury, Lublin|Rury]] in 1940.<ref>Wardzyńska. ''Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion''. p. 265</ref> Among the victims of the massacres were both men and women: doctors, engineers, local officials, lawyers, judges, activists, military officers, parliamentarians, [[Polish resistance movement in World War II|Polish resistance]] members, policemen, teachers and school and university students.<ref name=mw264/>

[[File:Pomnik ofiar egzekucji w Rurach Jezuickich w Lublinie 01.jpg|thumb|left|Monument and cemetery in [[Rury, Lublin|Rury]] where the Germans [[Executions in Rury Jezuickie|massacred]] around 500 Poles in 1940]]
An attempt to "[[Germanisation in Poland (1939–1945)|Germanise]]" the city led to an influx of the ethnic ''[[Volksdeutsche]]'', increasing the number of German minority from 10–15% in 1939 to 20–25%. Near Lublin, the so-called "reservation" for the Jews was built based on the idea of racial segregation known as the "[[Nisko Plan|Nisko or Lublin Plan]]".<ref name="MajerMuseum2003">{{cite book|author1=Diemut Majer|author2=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum|title="Non-Germans" under the Third Reich: The Nazi Judicial and Administrative System in Germany and Occupied Eastern Europe with Special Regard to Occupied Poland, 1939–1945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w-IQu7nWQwQC&pg=PA759|access-date=19 February 2012|year=2003|publisher=JHU Press|isbn=978-0-8018-6493-3|page=759}}</ref>

The Germans established and operated a [[Baudienst]] [[Forced labour under German rule during World War II|forced labour]] camp for [[Polish people|Poles]] in Lublin.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Wardzyńska|first=Maria|year=2009|title=Obozy niemieckie na okupowanych terenach polskich|magazine=Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej|volume=4|language=pl|publisher=IPN|issue=99|page=29|issn=1641-9561}}</ref> Many Poles from or associated with Lublin, including 94 lecturers, alumni and students of the Catholic University of Lublin were murdered by the Soviets in the large [[Katyn massacre]] in April–May 1940.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Pawelec|first=Marek|year=2010|title="Lista Katyńska" KUL|magazine=Przegląd Uniwersytecki|volume=4|language=pl|publisher=Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II|issue=126|page=8|issn=0866-9961}}</ref>

[[File:Obóz na Majdanku 05 kjk.jpg|thumb|The site of the former [[Majdanek]] concentration camp, located on the outskirts of Lublin]]
The Jewish population was forced into the newly established [[Lublin Ghetto]] near [[Podzamcze, Lublin County|Podzamcze]]. The city served as headquarters for [[Operation Reinhardt]], the main German effort to exterminate all Jews in occupied Poland. The majority of the ghetto inmates, about 26,000 people, were deported to the [[Bełżec extermination camp]] between 17 March and 11 April 1942. The remainder were moved to facilities around the [[Majdanek concentration camp]] established at the outskirts of the city. Almost all of Lublin's Jews were murdered during the [[Holocaust in Poland]]. The secret [[Żegota|Polish Council to Aid Jews "Żegota"]], established by the [[Polish resistance movement in World War II|Polish resistance movement]] operated in the city.<ref>{{cite book|last=Datner|first=Szymon|year=1968|title=Las sprawiedliwych|language=pl|location=Warszawa|publisher=Książka i Wiedza|page=69}}</ref> There are also known cases of local Polish men and women, who were captured and sent to either forced labour or concentration camps by the Germans for [[Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust|sheltering and aiding Jews]].<ref>{{cite book|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Rejestr faktów represji na obywatelach polskich za pomoc ludności żydowskiej w okresie II wojny światowej|year=2014|language=pl|location=Warszawa|publisher=IPN|pages=64, 250, 271}}</ref> Poles who saved Jews in other places in the region were also temporarily imprisoned in the local castle, before being sent to the Auschwitz concentration camp.<ref>''Rejestr faktów represji na obywatelach polskich za pomoc ludności żydowskiej w okresie II wojny światowej'', pp. 80, 255, 263</ref>

After the war, some survivors emerged from hiding with the [[Polish Righteous Among the Nations|Christian rescuers]] or returned from the Soviet Union, and re-established a small Jewish community in the city, but their numbers were insignificant. Most survivors left Poland for Israel, the United States and other countries.<ref name="Ścieżki">{{cite book |url=http://biblioteka.teatrnn.pl/dlibra/Content/20604/sciezki_pamieci_1.pdf |chapter=Ścieżki Pamięci, Żydowskie Miasto w Lublinie – Losy, Miejsca, Historia (Path of Memory. Jewish Town in Lublin - Fate, Places, History) |publisher=Ośrodek "Brama Grodzka - Teatr NN" & Towarzystwo Przyjaźni Polsko-Izraelskiej w Lublinie |author1=Helena Ziemba née Herszenborn |author2=Irena Gewerc-Gottlieb |title=1. Mój Lublin Szczęśliwy i Nieszczęśliwy; 2. W Getcie i Kryjówce w Lublinie |year=2001 |location=Rishon LeZion, Israel; Lublin, Poland |pages=24, 27, 29, 30 |format=PDF file, direct download 4.9 MB |language=pl}}</ref>

In the first years of the occupation, many [[Expulsion of Poles by Nazi Germany|expelled Poles]] from [[Gdańsk]] and German-annexed Pomerania were deported to Lublin,<ref>{{cite book|last=Drywa|first=Danuta|editor-last=Kostkiewicz|editor-first=Janina|year=2020|title=Zbrodnia bez kary... Eksterminacja i cierpienie polskich dzieci pod okupacją niemiecką (1939–1945)|language=pl|location=[[Kraków]]|publisher=[[Jagiellonian University|Uniwersytet Jagielloński]], [[Biblioteka Jagiellońska]]|page=184|chapter=Germanizacja dzieci i młodzieży polskiej na Pomorzu Gdańskim z uwzględnieniem roli obozu koncentracyjnego Stutthof}}</ref> and later on, in 1943, around 9,000 [[Ethnic cleansing of Zamojszczyzna by Nazi Germany|expelled Poles from the nearby Zamojszczyzna region]] were brought to Lublin and imprisoned in the Majdanek concentration camp and in a transit camp at Krochmalna Street; many were afterwards deported to forced labour in Germany.<ref name=maj>{{cite web|url=http://www.majdanek.eu/pl/pow/wysiedlency_z_zamojszczyzny_w_obozie_koncentracyjnym_na_majdanku/48|title=Wysiedleńcy z Zamojszczyzny w obozie koncentracyjny na Majdanku|website=Majdanku.eu|access-date=11 September 2021|language=pl}}</ref> In August 1943, thanks to efforts of the Polish ''Rada Główna Opiekuńcza'' charity organisation, around 2,200 people were released from those two camps.<ref name=maj/> Many of the released people, including hundreds of [[Kidnapping of children by Nazi Germany|kidnapped Polish children]], were extremely exhausted or sick, and were taken to local hospitals,<ref name=maj/> which quickly became overcrowded.<ref name=mgrs/> Many exhausted children died soon.<ref name=mgrs>{{cite book|last1=Gajderowicz|first1=Magdalena|last2=Skrzyniarz|first2=Ryszard|editor-last=Kostkiewicz|editor-first=Janina|year=2020|title=Zbrodnia bez kary... Eksterminacja i cierpienie polskich dzieci pod okupacją niemiecką (1939–1945)|language=pl|location=Kraków|publisher=Uniwersytet Jagielloński, Biblioteka Jagiellońska|pages=144–145|chapter=Dzieci Zamojszczyzny w obozie na Majdanku (w wybranych aktach archiwalnych i relacjach)}}</ref> Lublin pharmacists and residents organized help for the children, and after leaving the hospital, the people were taken in by the inhabitants of the surrounding villages, which resulted in an [[epidemic typhus]] outbreak, which caused many deaths among the population.<ref name=mgrs/>

On 24 July 1944, the city was taken by the [[Soviet Army]] and became the temporary headquarters of the [[Stalinist Poland|Soviet-controlled]] communist [[Polish Committee of National Liberation]] established by Joseph Stalin, which was to serve as the basis for a puppet government. The Soviets carried out arrests of Polish resistance members, including the regional delegate of the [[Polish government-in-exile]], Władysław Cholewa, and the commander of the regional branch of the [[Home Army]], Colonel Kazimierz Tumidajski, who was eventually killed in Russian captivity in 1947.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Grabowski|first=Waldemar|year=2002|title=Na drodze do powstania|magazine=Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej|language=pl|publisher=IPN|issue=8-9 (19-20)|page=42|issn=1641-9561}}</ref> The capital of new Poland was moved to Warsaw in January 1945 after the Soviet westward offensive.

===Post-war period===
In the postwar years, Lublin continued to grow, tripling its population and greatly expanding its area. A considerable scientific and research base was established around the newly founded [[Maria Curie-Skłodowska University]]. A large automotive factory, [[Fabryka Samochodów Ciężarowych]] (FSO), was built in the city. In 2017, the city was awarded the [[Europe Prize]] by the [[Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe|Parliamentary Assembly]] of the [[Council of Europe]] for having made exceptional efforts to spread the ideal of European unity.<ref>[http://website-pace.net/web/apce/the-europe-prize The Europe Prize]</ref>