Editing Luís de Camões (section)

==Life==
===Origins and youth===
[[File:Luis de Camoes.jpg|thumb|Camões, early 20th century depiction]]
Much of the information about Luís de Camões' biography raises doubts and, probably, much of what circulates about him is nothing more than the typical folklore that is formed around a famous figure. Only a few dates are documented that guide its trajectory.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Minchillo |first1=Carlos Cortez |title=Sonetos de Camões ("Biografia") |year=1998 |publisher=Atelie Editorial |isbn=978-85-85851-62-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EqsX-ImEtXgC&q=cam%C3%B5es |language=pt-BR}}</ref> The ancestral home of the [[Camões family]] had its origins in the [[Kingdom of Galicia]], not far from [[Cape Finisterre]]. On his paternal side, Luís de Camões was descended from Vasco Pires de Camões, Galician [[troubadour]], warrior and [[fidalgo]], who moved to Portugal in 1370 and received great benefits from the king in positions, honours and lands, and whose poetry, of a nationalist nature, contributed to ward off Breton and Italian influence and to shape a national troubadour style.<ref name="Jayne">{{cite book |last1=Jayne |first1=K. G. |title=Vasco Da Gama and His Successors 1460 to 1580 |date=April 2004 |publisher=Kessinger Publishing |isbn=978-0-7661-9706-0 |pages=250–251 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c9SKjnHkRfwC&q=Ana+de+S%C3%A1+Macedo+%22vasco+da+gama%22&pg=PA250 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first1=Mourão|last1= Vasconcelos |first2=José Maria do Carmo de Sousa Botelho| last2=Morgado de Mateus |title=Os Lusiadas: nova edição segundo a do Morgado Matteus, com as notas e vida do autor pelo mesmo, corrigida segunda as edicoes de Hamburgo e de Lisboa, e enrequecida de novas notas e d'uma prefação pel C.L. de Moura |year=1847 |publisher=Didot |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dqg4AAAAYAAJ&q=%22camoes%22+lusiadas&pg=PA1 |language=pt-BR}}</ref> His son Antão Vaz de Camões served in the [[Red Sea]] and married Dona Guiomar da Gama, related to [[Vasco da Gama]]. From this marriage were born Simão Vaz de Camões, who served in the Royal Navy and did trade in Guinea and India, and another brother, Bento, who followed the career of a man of letters and entered the [[priesthood]], joining the [[Canons Regular of the Holy Cross of Coimbra|Austin friars]] at the [[Monastery of Santa Cruz (Coimbra)|Monastery of Santa Cruz]], which was a prestigious school for many young Portuguese gentlemen. Simão married Dona Ana de Sá e Macedo, also from a noble family, from [[Santarém, Portugal|Santarém]]. Her only son, Luís Vaz de Camões, according to Jayne, Fernandes and some other authors, was born in [[Lisbon]] in 1524. Three years later, the city was being threatened by the plague, the family moved, following the court, to [[Coimbra]].<ref name="Jayne" /><ref name="Fernandes">{{cite book |last1=Fernandes |first1=Manuel Bernardo Lopes |title=Memoria das medalhas e condecorações portuguezas e das estrangeiras com relação a Portugal |date=1861 |publisher=Typ. da mesma academia |pages=48–49 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gAAXAAAAYAAJ&q=Ana+de+S%C3%A1+Macedo+%22vasco+da+gama%22&pg=PA48 |language=pt-BR}}</ref> However, other cities claim the honour of being his birthplace: Coimbra, Santarém and Alenquer. Although the first biographers of Camões, Severin de Faria and Manoel Correa, initially gave his year of birth as 1517,<ref>{{cite book |title=Obras de Luis de Camões, Tomo I ("Breve Noticia da Vida de Luis de Camões") |date=1779 |publisher=Officina Luisiana}}</ref> records of the Lists of the [[Casa da Índia]], later consulted by [[Manuel de Faria e Sousa]], seem to establish that Camões was actually born in Lisbon, in 1524.<ref>{{cite book |title=Obras Completas de Luis de Camões, Vol. I. ("Vida de Luis de Camões") |date=1834 |publisher=Officina typographica de Langhoff}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Brewster |first1=David |title=Lives of the Most Eminent Literary and Scientific Men of Italy, Spain, and Portugal, Vol. III. |date=1837 |publisher=Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green & Longman |page=298}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Saraiva, Lopes |first1=António José & Oscar |title=História da Literatura Portuguesa (Porto Editora, 6ª edição) 3ª Época: O Renascimento, Capítulo IX: Luís de Camões |page=331}}</ref> The arguments for placing his birth outside of Lisbon are weak; but neither is it completely beyond doubt,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Soutto-Mayor |first1=Maciel |title=Archivo pittoresco, Volume 10. |date=1867 |publisher=Tip. de Castro Irmão. |pages=341–342 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p2w-AAAAYAAJ&q=camoes+coimbra&pg=PA342 |language=pt-BR}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Nabuco |first1=Joaquim |title=Camões e os Lusiadas |date=21 September 2009 |publisher=BiblioBazaar |isbn=978-1-115-23386-6 |pages=30–31 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PpRcWSCp-jYC&q=camoes+coimbra&pg=PA28 |language=pt}}</ref> so the most recent scholarship considers his place and date of birth uncertain.<ref name="Fernandes" /><ref name="Spina">{{cite book |last1=Spina |first1=Segismundo |title=Os Lusíadas – Antologia |publisher=Atelie Editorial |isbn=978-85-85851-54-5 |pages=9–10 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I_T9Fqq5A7cC&q=%22camoes%22+lusiadas&pg=PA7 |language=pt-BR}}</ref>

About his childhood much remains unknown. At twelve or thirteen he would have been protected and educated by his uncle Bento, who sent him to Coimbra to study. Tradition says that he was an undisciplined student, but eager for knowledge, interested in history, cosmography and classic and modern literature. However, his name does not appear in the records of the [[University of Coimbra]], but it is certain from his elaborate style and the profusion of erudite quotes that appear in his works that in some way he received a solid education. It is possible that his uncle himself, a chancellor of the university and the [[Prior (ecclesiastical)|prior]] of the Monastery of Santa Cruz, instructed him or that he studied at the monastery college. At about twenty years of age he probably moved to Lisbon, before completing his studies. His family was poor, but being noble, he could be admitted to the court of [[John III of Portugal|John III]] where he established fruitful intellectual contacts and began his career as a poet.<ref name="Spina" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Minchillo |title=Sonetos de Camões |year=1998 |publisher=Atelie Editorial |isbn=978-85-85851-62-0 |pages=211–212 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EqsX-ImEtXgC&q=cam%C3%B5es |language=pt-BR}}</ref><ref name="Gentil">{{cite book |last1=Gentil |first1=Georges Le |title=Camões: l'œuvre épique & lyrique |date=1995 |publisher=Editions Chandeigne |isbn=978-2-906462-16-8 |pages=13–14 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ApgtGMkV_DEC&q=cam%C3%B5es&pg=PP1 |language=fr}}</ref>

It was suggested that he earned his living as a [[tutoring|preceptor]] of Francisco, son of the [[Counts and dukes of Linhares|Count of Linhares]], D. António de Noronha, but this now seems hardly plausible.<ref name="Gentil" /> It is also said that he adopted a [[Bohemianism|bohemian]] lifestyle, frequenting taverns and getting involved in tumultuous love affairs. Several ladies are cited by name in late biographies of the poet as having been the object of his affection, but those identifications are currently considered apocryphal additions to his legend. Among them, for example, there was talk of a passion for [[Infanta]] [[Maria of Portugal, Duchess of Viseu|Dona Maria]], sister of the king, but that audacity would have earned him time in prison. Another was Catarina de Ataíde, with whom he allegedly had a frustrated love affair that resulted in his self-exile, first in [[Ribatejo]], and then by enlisting as a soldier in [[Ceuta]]. The reason for the latter trip is doubtful, but the trip itself is accepted fact; he remained there two years and lost his right eye in a naval battle in the [[Strait of Gibraltar]]. Back in Lisbon, he wasted no time in resuming his bohemian life.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Minchillo |title=Sonetos de Camões |year=1998 |publisher=Atelie Editorial |isbn=978-85-85851-62-0 |pages=212–213 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EqsX-ImEtXgC&q=cam%C3%B5es |language=pt-BR}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Mourão e Vasconcelos |title=Os Lusiadas: nova edicao segundo a do Morgado Matteus, com as notas e vida do autor pelo mesmo, corrigida segunda as edicoes de Hamburgo e de Lisboa, e enrequecida de novas notas e d'uma prefaçao pel C.L. de Moura |year=1847 |publisher=Didot |pages=34–35 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dqg4AAAAYAAJ&q=%22camoes%22+lusiadas&pg=PA1 |language=pt-BR}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Gentil |first1=Georges Le |title=Camões: l'œuvre épique & lyrique |year=1995 |publisher=Editions Chandeigne |isbn=978-2-906462-16-8 |pages=20–21 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ApgtGMkV_DEC&q=cam%C3%B5es&pg=PP1 |language=fr}}</ref>

A document dating from 1550 states that he had enlisted to travel to India: "''Luís de Camões, son of Simão Vaz and Ana de Sá, living in Lisbon, at Mouraria; [[squire]], 25 years old, [[red hair|ginger]] bearded, brought his father as guarantor; goes on the ship of S. Pedro dos Burgaleses ... among the men-at-arms''". As it turns out, he didn't board immediately. In a [[Feast of Corpus Christi|Corpus Christi]] procession, he got into an altercation with a certain Gonçalo Borges, employee of the Royal Palace, and wounded him with a sword. Sentenced to prison, he later received a letter of pardon and was released by royal order on 7 March 1553, which says: "''he is a young man and poor and he is going to serve in India this year''". [[Manuel de Faria e Sousa]] found in the registers of the [[Portuguese India Armadas|Armada of India]], for that year 1553, under the title "Gente de guerra" ("Men of war"), the following statement: "Fernando Casado, son of Manuel Casado and Branca Queimada, residents of Lisbon, squire; Luís de Camões, son of Simão Vaz and Ana de Sá, squire, took his place; and he received 2400 like the others".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gentil |first1=Georges Le |title=Camões: l'œuvre épique & lyrique |year=1995 |publisher=Editions Chandeigne |isbn=978-2-906462-16-8 |pages=19–21 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ApgtGMkV_DEC&q=cam%C3%B5es&pg=PP1 |language=fr}}</ref>

Camões set sail on [[Palm Sunday]], the 24th of March 1553. His last words, he says in a letter, were those of [[Scipio Africanus]], “Ingrata patria, non possidebis ossa mea” (Ungrateful fatherland, you will not possess my bones).{{sfn|Prestage|1911}}

===Journey to the East===
[[File:Camões na prisão.jpg|thumb|Camões in Goa prison, in anonymous painting from 1556]]
[[File:Desenne - Camões na gruta de Macau.jpg|thumb|Camões in the cave of Macau, in an engraving by Desenne, 1817]]
He traveled aboard the carrack [[São Bento (carrack)|São Bento]], belonging to the fleet of Fernão Álvares Cabral, which left the [[Tagus]] on March 24, 1553. During the trip he passed through the regions where [[Vasco da Gama]] had sailed, faced a storm in the Cape of Good Hope [[Cabo da Boa Esperança]] where the three other ships in the fleet were lost, and landed in [[Goa]] in 1554. Soon he enlisted in the service of the viceroy D. Afonso de Noronha and fought in the expedition against the king of Chembé (or "da Pimenta").<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ribeiro |first1=Eduardo Alberto Correia |title=Camões nas partes da China |date=2008 |publisher=Revista Labirintos |url=http://www.uefs.br/nep/labirintos/edicoes/01_2008/01_2008.htm}}</ref> In 1555, Noronha's successor D. [[Pedro Mascarenhas]] ordered Manuel de Vasconcelos to fight the [[Moors]] in the [[Red Sea]]. Camões accompanied him, but the squadron did not find the enemy and went to winter in [[Ormuz]], in the Persian Gulf.<ref name="História de Goa: História política">{{cite book |last1=Saldanha |first1=Manoel José Gabriel |title=História de Goa: História política |year=1990 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-0590-9 |pages=100–101 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pEbxPhPod9IC&q=cam%C3%B5es&pg=PA101 |language=pt-BR}}</ref>

Probably at this time he had already started writing [[Os Lusíadas]]. When he returned to Goa in 1556, he met D. [[Francisco Barreto]] in the government, and composed for him the "''Auto de Filodemo''", which suggests that Barreto looked upon Camões with favor. The early biographers, however, differ about Camões' relations with that ruler. At the same time, an anonymous satire criticizing the prevalence of immorality and corruption, which was attributed to Camões, also was published. Since satires were condemned by the Ordinances of King Manuel, Camões would have been arrested for that. But it has also been hypothesized that the arrest was actually for debts that Camões had incurred. It is possible that he remained in prison until 1561, and that he may have been convicted of additional offenses before then. At any rate, when D. Francisco Coutinho assumed the governorship of India, Camões was released and came under that man's employ and protection. He was appointed to the position of Superintendent for the Dead and Missing for Macau in 1562, serving ''de facto'' from 1563 until 1564 or 1565. At that time, Macau was a trading post still in formation and almost uninhabited.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ribeiro |first1=Eduardo Alberto Correia |title=Camões nas partes da China |pages=1–5 |date=2008 |publisher=Revista Labirintos |url=http://www.uefs.br/nep/labirintos/edicoes/01_2008/01_2008.htm}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Gentil |first1=Georges Le |title=Camões: l'œuvre épique & lyrique |year=1995 |publisher=Editions Chandeigne |isbn=978-2-906462-16-8 |pages=22–25 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ApgtGMkV_DEC&q=cam%C3%B5es&pg=PP1 |language=fr}}</ref> Tradition says that there he wrote part of Os Lusíadas in a cave, which later was named after him.<ref name="História de Goa: História política"/>

On the trip back to Goa, he was shipwrecked, as tradition says, near the mouth of the [[Mekong]] River, managing to save only himself and the manuscript of Os Lusíadas, an event that inspired the famous ''redondilha'' "''Sôbolos rios que vão''", considered by António Sérgio the "backbone" of the Camonian lyric, as is repeatedly cited in the critical literature. The trauma of the shipwreck, in the words of Leal de Matos, had the most profound impact on redefining the themes of Os Lusíadas, this being noticeable beginning with [[Canto]] VII, a fact already noted by [[Diogo do Couto]], a friend of the poet who partly accompanied the work as it was being written.

His rescue took months to occur, and there is no record of how it happened, but he was taken to [[Malacca]], where he received a new arrest warrant for misappropriating the assets of the dead that had been entrusted to him. The exact date of his return to Goa is not known, but he may have remained in prison there for some time. Couto says that in the shipwreck [[Dynamene|Dinamene]], a Chinese maiden with whom Camões had fallen in love, died, but Ribeiro and others reject that story.<ref name="Camões nas partes da China">{{cite book |last1=Ribeiro |first1=Eduardo Alberto Correia |title=Camões nas partes da China |pages=11–20 |date=2008 |publisher=Revista Labirintos |url=http://www.uefs.br/nep/labirintos/edicoes/01_2008/01_2008.htm}}</ref> The next viceroy, D. [[Antão de Noronha]], was a longtime friend of Camões, having first met him during his Morocco adventure. Certain biographers claim that he was promised a position at the trading post at Chaul, but he did not take up the position. Severim de Faria said that the final years spent in Goa were occupied with poetry and military activities, where he always showed bravery, readiness and loyalty to the Crown.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gentil |first1=Georges Le |title=Camões: l'œuvre épique & lyrique |year=1995 |publisher=Editions Chandeigne |isbn=978-2-906462-16-8 |pages=26–27 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ApgtGMkV_DEC&q=cam%C3%B5es&pg=PP1 |language=fr}}</ref>

It is difficult to determine what his daily life in the East would have been like, beyond what can be extrapolated from his military status. It seems certain that he always lived modestly and may have shared a house with friends, "in one of those collective dwellings where it was customary for people from the homeland to associate", as Ramalho notes. Some of these friends must have been in possession of a certain degree of culture and would have provided illustrious companionship. Ribeiro, Saraiva and Moura admit that he may have encountered, among other figures, [[Fernão Mendes Pinto]], [[Fernão Vaz Dourado]], Fernão Álvares do Oriente, [[Garcia de Orta]] and the aforementioned [[Diogo do Couto]], creating opportunities for debating literary topics and the like. He may also have attended lectures at one of Goa's colleges or religious establishments.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ribeiro |first1=Eduardo Alberto Correia |title=Camões nas partes da China |pages=7 |date=2008 |publisher=Revista Labirintos |url=http://www.uefs.br/nep/labirintos/edicoes/01_2008/01_2008.htm}}</ref> Ribeiro adds that

::"These fellows who lived in Goa, far from their homeland and family, between campaigns against the Turk (which took place in the summer) and many of them having  little to do (in winter), in addition to the aforementioned lectures and constant readings (including many of the classics: Ovid, Horace, Virgil), enjoying the company of women and musical gatherings, living among themselves without regard to social distinctions, their main objective was to have fun as much as possible, even when writing poetry. Thus their predilection for satire, which had a strongly negative social impact and exposed them to imprisonment per the Manueline Ordinances (Title LXXIX), and therefore carried an edge of adventure and risk. An example of this is the "Tournament Satire", a mockery that is mentioned by Faria e Sousa and about which, unlike "Os Disbarates da Índia", there is no scholarly contestation of its Camonian authorship; it may in fact be the reason for one of Camões' arrests."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ribeiro |first1=Eduardo Alberto Correia |title=Camões nas partes da China |pages=8 |date=2008 |publisher=Revista Labirintos |url=http://www.uefs.br/nep/labirintos/edicoes/01_2008/01_2008.htm}}</ref>

At such meetings the participants were both men-at-arms and men of letters, and were in search not only of military success and material fortune, but also of the fame and glory born of culture. This was one of the great aspirations of the [[Humanism]] of that era, and from it may have sprung the idea of creating an [[academy]], reproducing within the limitations of the local context, the model of [[Renaissance]] academies such as the one founded in [[Florence]] by [[Marsilio Ficino]] and his circle, where [[Neoplatonic]] ideals were cultivated.

===Return to Portugal===
[[File:Camões lendo os Lusíadas a D. Sebastião.jpg|thumb|Camões reading Os Lusíadas to King Sebastian, in lithography from 1893.]]
Whether it was by invitation, or simply a matter of taking the chance to bridge part of the distance that separated him from his homeland, it is not known for certain, but in December 1567 Camões embarked on Pedro Barreto's ship to [[Sofala]], on the [[Island of Mozambique]], where Barreto had been appointed governor, and there Camões would wait for transport to Lisbon at a future date. The early biographers say that Pedro Barreto was treacherous, making false promises to Camões, so that after two years Diogo do Couto found him in a precarious state:<ref name="40-41">{{cite book |last1=Mourão e Vasconcelos |title= Os Lusiadas: nova edição segundo a do Morgado Matteus, com as notas e vida do autor pelo mesmo, corrigida segunda as edicoes de Hamburgo e de Lisboa, e enrequecida de novas notas e d'uma prefação pel C.L. de Moura |year= 1847 |pages=40–41 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dqg4AAAAYAAJ&q=%22camoes%22+lusiadas&pg=PA1}}</ref><ref name="27-29">{{cite book |last1=Gentil |first1=Georges Le |title=Camões: l'œuvre épique & lyrique |year=1995 |publisher=Editions Chandeigne |isbn=978-2-906462-16-8 |pages=27–29 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ApgtGMkV_DEC&q=cam%C3%B5es&pg=PP1 |language=fr}}</ref>

::"In Mozambique we found that Prince of Poets of his day, my companion and friend Luís de Camões, so poor that he was dependent on friends to feed him. Upon embarking for the kingdom we gathered all the clothing that he needed, and there was no shortage of people who gave him to eat. And that winter that he was in Mozambique, having just finished his Lusíadas in preparation for printing, he had been writing a great deal in another book which he entitled "The Parnassus of Luís de Camões", it being a book of great erudition, doctrine and philosophy, but which was stolen from him."<ref>{{cite web |title=Biografia: Camões |url=http://www.sociedadedigital.com.br/artigo.php?artigo=235 |publisher=Sociedade Digital}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Pinto |first1=Paulo Jorge de Sousa |title="Era uma vez... Portugal: Diogo do Couto – Um cronista do oriente" |publisher=RDP-Internacional / Sociedade Histórica da Independência de Portugal}}</ref>

While attempting to set sail with Couto, Camões found his departure embargoed in the amount of two hundred [[Portuguese cruzado|cruzados]] by Barreto, demanding reimbursement for monies spent on the poet's behalf. His friends, however, collected the amount and Camões was released,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cf. Botelho, Souza |title=Os Lusiados: "Por este vil preço, diz energicamente Manoel de Faria, foi vendida a pessoa de Camões, e a honra de Pedro Barreto." |date=1819 |publisher=Didot}}</ref> arriving in [[Cascais]] aboard the [[carrack]] ''Santa Clara'' on April 7, 1570.<ref name="40-41" /><ref name="27-29" />

After so many adventures, he finally completed Os Lusíadas, presenting them in recitation to [[Sebastian of Portugal|Sebastian]]. The king, still a teenager, ordered the work to be published in 1572, also granting a small pension to "Luís de Camões, noble knight of my House", in payment for services rendered in India. The value of the pension did not exceed fifteen thousand [[Portuguese real|réis]] a year, which, if not generous, was also not as miserly as has been suggested, considering that the Royal Palace's ladies-in-waiting received around ten thousand réis. For a veteran soldier, the sum must have been considered sufficient and honorable at the time. But the pension would've only lasted for three years, and although the grant was renewable, it seems that it was paid irregularly, causing the poet to experience material difficulties.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Camões |first1=Luís de |last2=Penteado |first2=Rodrigo |title=Zé Ferino |date=1999 |publisher=Atelie Editorial |isbn=978-85-85851-90-3 |page=29 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RffKKJPYttgC&q=cam%C3%B5es |language=pt-BR}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Gentil |first1=Georges Le |title=Camões: l'œuvre épique & lyrique |year=1995 |publisher=Editions Chandeigne |isbn=978-2-906462-16-8 |pages=29–30 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ApgtGMkV_DEC&q=cam%C3%B5es&pg=PP1 |language=fr}}</ref>

[[File:Costa Motta, tomba del poeta luis vaz de camoes, 1894.jpg|thumb|250px|Tomb of the poet at the [[Jerónimos Monastery]]]]
Camões lived out his final years in a room in a house near the Convent of Santa Ana, in a state, according to tradition, of the most unworthy poverty, "without a rag to cover him". Le Gentil considered this view a romantic exaggeration, as he was still able to keep a slave named Jau, whom he had brought with him from the east, and official documents attest that he had some means of livelihood. After being embittered by the Portuguese defeat at the [[Battle of Alcácer Quibir]], in which Sebastian disappeared, leading Portugal to lose its independence to the Spanish crown,{{refn|group=note|Foreseeing the Spanish invasion, Camões wrote to his old friend and Captain General of Lamego, D. Francisco de Almeida: "All will see that so dear to me was my country that I was content to die not only in it but with it"{{sfn|Prestage|1911}}}} he was stricken by bubonic [[Plague (disease)|plague]], according to Le Gentil. He was transported to a hospital and died on June 10, 1580, being buried, according to [[Manuel de Faria e Sousa|Faria e Sousa]], in a shallow grave in the Convent of Santa Ana, or in the cemetery of the poor in the same hospital, according to [[Teófilo Braga]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mourão e Vasconcelos |title= Os Lusiadas: nova edição segundo a do Morgado Matteus, com as notas e vida do autor pelo mesmo, corrigida segunda as edicoes de Hamburgo e de Lisboa, e enrequecida de novas notas e d'uma prefação pel C.L. de Moura |year= 1847 |pages=44–45 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dqg4AAAAYAAJ&q=%22camoes%22+lusiadas&pg=PA1}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Gentil |first1=Georges Le |title=Camões: l'œuvre épique & lyrique |year=1995 |publisher=Editions Chandeigne |isbn=978-2-906462-16-8 |pages=30–32 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ApgtGMkV_DEC&q=cam%C3%B5es&pg=PP1 |language=fr}}</ref> His mother, having survived him, began to receive his pension as an inheritance. The receipts, found at [[Torre do Tombo National Archive|Torre do Tombo]], the Portuguese national archive, document the date of the poet's death,<ref name="Fernandes"/> although an [[epitaph]] written by D. Gonçalo Coutinho has been preserved which mistakenly assigns his death to the year 1579.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mourão e Vasconcelos |title= Os Lusiadas: nova edição segundo a do Morgado Matteus, com as notas e vida do autor pelo mesmo, corrigida segunda as edicoes de Hamburgo e de Lisboa, e enrequecida de novas notas e d'uma prefação pel C.L. de Moura |year= 1847 |pages=45 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dqg4AAAAYAAJ&q=%22camoes%22+lusiadas&pg=PA1}}</ref> After the [[1755 Lisbon earthquake|1755 earthquake]] which destroyed most of Lisbon, attempts were made to find the remains of Camões, but to no avail. The bones deposited in 1880 in a tomb in the [[Jerónimos Monastery]] are, in all probability, someone else's.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gentil |first1=Georges Le |title=Camões: l'œuvre épique & lyrique |year=1995 |publisher=Editions Chandeigne |isbn=978-2-906462-16-8 |pages=32–33 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ApgtGMkV_DEC&q=cam%C3%B5es&pg=PP1 |language=fr}}</ref>