Editing Louis I of Hungary (section)

== Childhood and youth (1326–1342) ==
[[File:Ludvik1Uhersko.jpg|thumb|alt=A crowned woman lying in a bed and stretches her hands towards a crowned baby held by a woman |Louis's birth depicted in the ''[[Chronicon Pictum|Illuminated Chronicle]]'']]

Born on 5 March 1326,{{sfn|Csukovits|2012|p=116}} Louis was the third son of [[Charles I of Hungary]] and his wife, [[Elizabeth of Poland, Queen of Hungary|Elizabeth of Poland]].{{sfn|Kristó|2002|p=45}} He was named for his father's uncle, [[Louis of Toulouse|Louis]], [[Bishop of Toulouse]], [[canonized]] in 1317.{{sfn|Kristó|2002|pp=45–46}} The first-born son of his parents, Charles, died before Louis was born.{{sfn|Kristó|2002|p=45}} Louis became his father's heir after the death of his brother Ladislaus in 1329.{{sfn|Kristó|2002|pp=45, 47}}

He had a liberal education by the standards of his age and learned French, German and Latin.{{sfn|Cartledge|2011|p=36}} He showed a special interest in history and [[astrology]].{{sfn|Csukovits|2012|p=116}}{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=158}} A cleric from [[Wrocław]], [[Nicholas Neszmélyi|Nicholas]], taught him the basic principles of Christian faith.{{sfn|Bertényi|1989|p=48}} However, Louis's religious zeal was due to his mother's influence.{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=170}} In a royal charter, Louis remembered that in his childhood, a knight of the royal court, Peter Poháros, often carried him on his shoulders.{{sfn|Bertényi|1989|p=48}}{{sfn|Kristó|2002|p=47}} His two tutors, [[Nicholas I Drugeth|Nicholas Drugeth]] and Nicholas Tapolcsányi, saved the lives of both Louis and his younger brother, [[Andrew, Duke of Calabria|Andrew]], when [[Felician Záh]] attempted to assassinate the royal family in [[Visegrád]] on 17 April 1330.{{sfn|Bertényi|1989|p=48}}{{sfn|Solymosi|Körmendi|1981|p=201}}

Louis was only nine when he stamped a treaty of alliance between his father and [[John of Bohemia]].{{sfn|Kristó|2002|p=47}}{{sfn|Knoll|1972|p=74}} A year later, Louis accompanied his father in invading [[Duchy of Austria|Austria]].{{sfn|Kristó|2002|p=48}}{{sfn|Bertényi|1989|p=50}} On 1 March 1338, John of Bohemia's son and heir, [[Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles]], [[Margrave of Moravia]], signed a new treaty with Charles I of Hungary and Louis in [[Visegrád]].{{sfn|Bertényi|1989|p=50}}{{sfn|Knoll|1972|p=95}} According to the treaty, Charles of Moravia acknowledged the right of Charles I's sons to succeed their maternal uncle, [[Casimir III of Poland]], if Casimir died without a male issue.{{sfn|Bertényi|1989|p=51}} Louis also pledged that he would marry the margrave's three-year-old daughter, [[Margaret of Bohemia, Queen of Hungary|Margaret]].{{sfn|Bertényi|1989|p=51}}

Casimir III's first wife, [[Aldona of Lithuania]], died on 26 May 1339.{{sfn|Knoll|1972|p=97}} Two leading [[Szlachta|Polish noblemen]]{{spaced ndash}}Zbigniew, chancellor of Kraków, and [[Spycimir Leliwita]]{{spaced ndash}}persuaded Casimir, who had not fathered a son, to make his sister, Elizabeth, and her offspring his heirs.{{sfn|Knoll|1972|pp=97–98}} According to the 15th-century [[Jan Długosz]], Casimir held a [[general sejm]] in [[Kraków]] where "the assembled prelates and nobles"<ref name="Długosz_1339_p289">''The Annals of Jan Długosz'' (A.D. 1339), p. 289.</ref> proclaimed Louis as Casimir's heir, but the reference to the sejm is anachronistic.{{sfn|Knoll|1972|p=98}} Historian Paul W. Knoll writes that Casimir preferred his sister's family to his own daughters or a member of a [[cadet branch]] of the [[Piast dynasty]], because he wanted to ensure the king of Hungary's support against the [[Teutonic Knights]].{{sfn|Knoll|1972|p=98}} Louis's father and uncle signed a treaty in [[Visegrád]] in July whereby Casimir III made Louis his heir if he died without a son.{{sfn|Solymosi|Körmendi|1981|p=206}} In exchange, Charles I pledged that Louis would reoccupy [[Pomerania]] and other Polish lands lost to the [[Teutonic Order]] without Polish funds and would only employ Poles in the royal administration in Poland.{{sfn|Knoll|1972|p=98}}

Louis received the title of [[Duke of Transylvania]] from his father in 1339, but he did not administer the province.{{sfn|Kristó|2002|p=48}}{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=157}} According to a royal charter from the same year, Louis's bride, [[Margaret of Bohemia, Queen of Hungary|Margaret of Bohemia]], lived in the Hungarian royal court.{{sfn|Kristó|2002|p=48}} Louis's separate ducal court was first mentioned in a royal charter of 1340.{{sfn|Kristó|2002|p=48}}