Editing Louis Cappel (section)

== Writings on the Hebrew Biblical text ==

As a Hebrew scholar Cappel made a special study of the history of the Hebrew [[Masoretic text]] of the [[Bible]], which led him to the conclusion that the [[Niqqud|vowel point]]s and accents are not an original part of the Hebrew language, but had been inserted by the [[Masorete]] Jews, no earlier than the 5th century; he also concluded that the primitive Hebrew characters are those now known as the Samaritan, while the square characters are [[Aramaic]] and were substituted for the more ancient at the time of the [[Babylonian captivity]].<ref name="EB1911"/> He published his conclusions anonymously, but with the express support of [[Thomas van Erpe]], in his book ''Arcanum punctuationis revelatum'' (Leiden, 1624).<ref>Henning Graf Reventlow. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=6ZpcLYBCLpkC&pg=PA75 History of Biblical Interpretation, Volume 4: From the Englightenment to the Twentieth Century]''. Society of Biblical Literature; 15 November 2012. {{ISBN|978-1-58983-687-7}}. p. 75–76.</ref>

Cappel's views were not a complete novelty. Nearly a century earlier, [[Elias Levita]] (1469–1549) demonstrated in 1538 that neither [[Jerome]] nor the [[Talmud]] showed any acquaintance with the vowel points, a comparatively recent Jewish invention. In response to the claim that Protestants, in spite of their claim to follow nothing but Scripture alone (''[[sola scriptura]]''), were thus dependent in reality on Jewish tradition, many Protestants declared that the vowel points were in fact ancient and an essential part of the divinely inspired Scripture. Foremost among the upholders of this view were [[Johannes Buxtorf]] senior and his son [[Johannes Buxtorf II]].<ref name="Legaspi2010">Michael C. Legaspi. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=evD9R7iLm4UC The Death of Scripture and the Rise of Biblical Studies]''. Oxford University Press; 19 April 2010. {{ISBN|978-0-19-974177-9}}. p. 19–21.</ref>

In 1634 Cappel had already completed work on a second important work, ''Critica sacra: sive de variis quae in sacris Veteris Testamenti libris occurrunt lectionibus'' (Sacred Criticism: Variant Readings in the Books of the Old Testament), but because of the fierce  opposition of his co-religionists was able to print it only in 1650, by aid of a son, who had turned Catholic (according to the [[Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition|''Encyclopædia Britannica'' Eleventh Edition]]){{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} or (according to Michael C. Legaspi in 2010) of the Catholic priest-scholar [[Jean Morin (theologian)|Jean Morin]].

In this book, Cappel not only raised questions about the age of the vowel points in the Hebrew Bible: he denied that even the surviving consonantal Hebrew text preserved the autographs of scripture.<ref>[https://www.mhs.ox.ac.uk/gatt/catalog.php?num=79 Arnold Boate, ''De textus hebraici veteris testamenti certitudine'' (Paris. 1650), History of Science Museum, Biblical Criticism Catalogue Number 79]</ref> He distinguished between the divinely inspired content of Scripture and the wholly human process of its transmission in texts that are produced by human hands with variants due above all to scribal errors and that need emendation with the help of the versions and of conjecture.<ref>Ronald Hendel. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=3JBwDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA121 Steps to a New Edition of the Hebrew Bible]''. SBL Press; 4 November 2016. {{ISBN|978-0-88414-194-5}}. pp. 73–74.</ref> The variant readings in the text and the differences between the ancient versions and the Masoretic text convinced him that the idea of the integrity of the Hebrew text, as commonly held by Protestants, was untenable. This amounted to an attack on the verbal inspiration of Scripture. Bitter, however, as was the opposition to his views, it was not long before his results were accepted by scholars.<ref name="EB1911"/>

Crawford Howell Toy and Karl Heinrich Cornill state in ''The Jewish Encyclopedia'': "It is to the lasting credit of Cappel that he was the first who dared to undertake, with exemplary clearness, penetration, and method, a purely philologic and scientific treatment of the text of the Bible."<ref>[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/4008-cappel-louis-ludovicus-cappellus "Cappel, Louis (Ludovicus Cappellus)" in ''The Jewish Encyclopedia'']</ref>