Editing Louis Armstrong (section)

==Early life==
Armstrong is believed to have been born in [[New Orleans]] on August 4, 1901, but the date has been heavily debated. Armstrong himself often claimed he was born on July 4, 1900.<ref>{{cite book|page=[https://archive.org/details/satchmogeniusofl00gidd/page/21 21]|author=Gary Giddins|title=Satchmo: The Genius of Louis Armstrong|url=https://archive.org/details/satchmogeniusofl00gidd|url-access=registration|publisher=Da Capo|year=2001|isbn=978-0-306-81013-8}}</ref><ref>Teachout (2009), pp. 26{{endash}}27.</ref><ref>Bergreen (1996), pp. 14–15.</ref> His parents were Mary Estelle "Mayann" Albert and William Armstrong. Mary Albert was from [[Boutte, Louisiana]] and gave birth at home when she was about 16. Less than a year and a half later, they had a daughter, Beatrice "Mama Lucy" Armstrong (1903–1987), who Albert raised.<ref>{{cite book |last=Teachout |first=Terry |author-link=Terry Teachout |title=Pops |page=30 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |location=Boston |year=2009}}</ref> William Armstrong abandoned the family shortly after that.<ref name="giddins22">Giddins (2001), pp. 22{{endash}}23</ref>

Louis Armstrong was raised by his grandmother until the age of five, when he was returned to his mother.<ref name="giddins22" /> Armstrong spent his youth in poverty in a rough neighborhood known as The Battlefield,<ref>Giddins (2001), p. 26.</ref> on the southern section of [[Rampart Street]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jazz Neighborhoods – New Orleans Jazz National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service) |url=https://www.nps.gov/jazz/learn/historyculture/jazz-map.htm |access-date=July 25, 2022 |website=nps.gov |archive-date=May 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528143541/https://www.nps.gov/jazz/learn/historyculture/jazz-map.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> At the age of six, Armstrong started attending the Fisk School for Boys,<ref name="Bergreen" /> a school that accepted black children in the racially segregated school system of New Orleans.

Armstrong lived with his mother and sister during this time and worked for the Karnoffskys,<ref>Some sources spell Karnofsky with one "f". This article is spelling it with two "f"s based on Bergreen (1998).</ref> a family of [[Lithuanian Jews]], at [[Karnofsky Tailor Shop–House|their home]]. Armstrong helped their sons Morris and Alex collect "rags and bones" and deliver coal. In 1969, while recovering from heart and kidney problems at Beth Israel Hospital in New York City, Armstrong wrote a memoir called ''Louis Armstrong + the Jewish Family in New Orleans, LA., the Year of 1907'', describing his time working for the Karnoffsky family.<ref name="in-his-own-words-karnofskys">{{Cite book |last=Armstrong |first=Louis |title=Louis Armstrong, in His Own Words: Selected Writings |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |others=Annotated index by Charles Kinzer |year=1999 |isbn=0-19-511958-4 |editor=Brothers |editor-first=Thomas |editor-link=Thomas Brothers |pages=3–36 |chapter=Louis Armstrong + the Jewish Family in New Orleans, LA., the year of 1907 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/louisarmstrongin00arms/page/3/mode/ |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

Armstrong writes about singing "Russian Lullaby" with the Karnoffsky family when their baby son David was put to bed and credits the family with teaching him to sing "from the heart."<ref name="in-his-own-words-karnofskys" /> Curiously, Armstrong quotes lyrics for it that appear to be the same as the "Russian Lullaby", copyrighted by [[Irving Berlin]] in 1927, about 20 years after Armstrong remembered singing it as a child.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://digitalcollections-baylor.quartexcollections.com/Documents/Detail/irving-berlins-russian-lullaby/1127188|title=Irving Berlin's Russian Lullaby|first=Irving|last=Berlin|publisher=Irving Berlin Music Corp.|access-date=May 8, 2022|archive-date=May 9, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509032433/https://digitalcollections-baylor.quartexcollections.com/Documents/Detail/irving-berlins-russian-lullaby/1127188|url-status=live}}</ref> Gary Zucker, Armstrong's doctor at Beth Israel hospital in 1969, shared Berlin's song lyrics with him, and Armstrong quoted them in the memoir.<ref name="in-his-own-words-karnofskys" /> This inaccuracy may be because he wrote the memoir over 60 years after the events described. Regardless, the Karnoffskys treated Armstrong exceptionally well. Knowing he lived without a father, they fed and nurtured Armstrong.<ref name="Commentary">{{cite web |last1=Teachout |first1=Terry |author-link=Terry Teachout |title=Satchmo and the Jews |url=https://www.commentarymagazine.com/article/satchmo-and-the-jews/ |website=[[Commentary (magazine)|Commentary Magazine]] |access-date=June 14, 2018 |date=November 1, 2009 |archive-date=February 6, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206184934/https://www.commentarymagazine.com/article/satchmo-and-the-jews/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Karnow |first=Stanley |author-link=Stanley Karnow |title=My Debt to Cousin Louis's Cornet |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=February 21, 2001 |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9C02E1D91639F932A15751C0A9679C8B63 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090409025810/http://www.nytimes.com:80/2001/02/21/opinion/my-debt-to-cousin-louis-s-cornet.html |archive-date=April 9, 2009 |access-date=November 14, 2023}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

In his memoir, ''Louis Armstrong + the Jewish Family in New Orleans, La., the Year of 1907'', he described his discovery that this family was also [[History of antisemitism in the United States|subject to discrimination by "other white folks"]] who felt that they were better than Jews: "I was only seven years old but I could easily see the ungodly treatment that the white folks were handing the poor Jewish family whom I worked for."<ref name="in-his-own-words-karnofskys" /> Armstrong wrote about what he learned from them: "how to live—real life and determination."<ref name="Commentary"/> His first musical performance may have been at the side of the Karnoffskys' junk wagon. Armstrong tried playing a tin horn to attract customers to distinguish them from other hawkers. Morris Karnoffsky gave Armstrong an advance toward purchasing a [[cornet]] from a pawn shop.<ref>Bergreen (1997), pp. 55{{endash}}57.</ref>
Later, as an adult, Armstrong wore a [[Star of David]] given to him by his Jewish manager, Joe Glaser, until the end of his life, in part in memory of this family who had raised him.<ref name="in-his-own-words-karnofskys" />

When Armstrong was 11, he dropped out of school.<ref name="Bergreen">Bergreen (1997), pp. 27, 57–60.</ref> His mother moved into a one-room house on Perdido Street with Armstrong, Lucy, and her common-law husband, Tom Lee, next door to her brother Ike and his two sons.<ref>Giddins (2001), pp. 36–37.</ref> Armstrong joined a quartet of boys who sang in the streets for money. Cornetist [[Bunk Johnson]] said he taught the eleven-year-old to play by ear at Dago Tony's honky tonk.<ref>''Current Biography 1944'', pp. 15–17.</ref> In his later years, Armstrong credited King Oliver. Armstrong said about his youth, "Every time I close my eyes blowing that trumpet of mine—I look right in the heart of good old New Orleans ... It has given me something to live for."<ref>Bergreen (1997), p. 6.</ref>

[[File:Louis Armstrong Arrest 2 Jan 1913 Times-Democrat.jpg|thumb|A snippet from the January 2, 1913, issue of The Times-Democrat, New Orleans. "[[Negro]]" is a dated term for black people.]]
Borrowing his stepfather's gun without permission, Armstrong fired a blank into the air and was arrested on December 31, 1912. He spent the night at New Orleans Juvenile Court and was sentenced the next day to detention at the Colored Waif's Home.<ref>Bergreen (1997), pp. 67–68.</ref> Life at the home was spartan. Mattresses were absent, and meals were often little more than bread and molasses. Captain Joseph Jones ran the home like a military camp and used corporal punishment.<ref>Bergreen (1997), pp. 70–72.</ref>

Armstrong developed his cornet skills by playing in the band. [[Peter Davis (New Orleans musician/ teacher)|Peter Davis]], who frequently appeared at the home at the request of Captain Jones,<ref>''Current Biography 1944''. p. 16.</ref> became Armstrong's first teacher and chose him as the bandleader. With this band, the 13-year-old Armstrong attracted the attention of [[Kid Ory]].<ref>Bergreen (1997), p. 78.</ref>

On June 14, 1914, Armstrong was released into the custody of his father and his new stepmother, Gertrude. Armstrong lived in this household with two stepbrothers for several months. After Gertrude gave birth to a daughter, Armstrong's father never welcomed him, so Armstrong returned to his mother, Mary Albert. Armstrong had to share a bed in her small home with his mother and sister. His mother still lived in The Battlefield, leaving Armstrong open to old temptations, but he sought work as a musician.<ref name="Bergreen 1997, pp. 80–89">Bergreen (1997), pp. 80–89.</ref>

Armstrong found a job at a dance hall owned by Henry Ponce, who had connections to organized crime. He met the six-foot tall drummer [[Black Benny]], who became Armstrong's guide and bodyguard.<ref name="Bergreen 1997, pp. 80–89"/> Around the age of 15, he pimped for a prostitute named Nootsy. However, that relationship failed after she stabbed Armstrong in the shoulder, and his mother choked her nearly to death.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Brothers|first=Thomas|title=Louis Armstrong: Master of Modernism|publisher=W.W. Norton & Company|year=2014|isbn=978-0393065824|location=New York|pages=70–71}}</ref>

Armstrong briefly studied shipping management at the local community college but was forced to quit after being unable to afford the fees.<ref name="Bergreen 1997, p.44">Bergreen (1997), p. 44.</ref> While selling coal in [[Storyville, New Orleans|Storyville]], he heard [[spasm band]]s, groups that played music out of household objects. Armstrong listened to the early sounds of jazz from bands that played in brothels and dance halls, such as Pete Lala's, where [[King Oliver]] performed.<ref name="Bergreen 1997 pp.45">Bergreen (1997), pp. 45{{endash}}47.</ref>