Editing Lombok Strait (section)

== Marine biodiversity ==
The Lombok Strait is abundant of flora and fauna species which have been well explored through Bali’s diving tourism.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Hoeksema|first1=Bert W|last2=Yosephine|first2=Tuti|date=2001|title=Marine biogeography of Lombok Strait, Bali, 2001|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263932871|journal=Preliminary Expedition Report|via=ResearchGate}}</ref> As the Lombok Strait connects the Bali Sea to the Indian Ocean, the abundance of flora and fauna is due to its location between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean, where the strait acts as a passage for currents. Accompanied by its flora and fauna is its marine habitats which vary in water temperature, its presence of volcanic and limestone sediments, local freshwater inflow between creeks, sandy reef slopes, and strong currents.<ref name=":0" /> According to the results obtained from a coral reef expedition conducted by the [[Naturalis Biodiversity Center|National Museum of Natural History-Naturalis Leiden]], in partnership with the Research and Development Centre for Oceanology of the [[Indonesian Institute of Sciences]] (PPPO-LIPI), Jakarta, and the [[World Wide Fund for Nature|WWF]] Indonesia-Wallacea Bioregion, Bali in April 2001, the coral reef fauna of the Lombok Strait was one of the most diverse and richest in the world.<ref name=":0" /> The diversity of its marine [[biogeography]] includes the following groups: stony corals ([[Scleractinia]] and [[hydrocoral]]s), soft corals ([[Octocorallia]]), sponges ([[Porifera]]), forams ([[Foraminifera|Foramanifera]]), shrimps ([[Decapoda]]), snails ([[Gastropoda]]), and fishes.<ref name=":0" />

The Lombok Strait is part of the [[Biogeography|biogeographical]] boundary between the fauna of the [[Indomalayan realm]] and the distinctly different fauna of [[Australasian realm|Australasia]]. The boundary is known as the [[Wallace Line]], for [[Alfred Russel Wallace]], who first remarked upon the striking difference between animals of Indomalaya and those of Australasia, and how abrupt the boundary was between the two [[biomes]].<ref name=":4" /> When sea levels dropped during the [[Pleistocene]] [[ice age]], the islands of Bali, [[Java (island)|Java]] and [[Sumatra]] were all connected to one another and to the mainland of [[Asia]].<ref name=":5" /> They shared the Asian fauna. The Lombok Strait's deep water kept Lombok and the [[Lesser Sunda Islands|Lesser Sunda archipelago]] isolated from the Asian mainland. These islands were instead, colonised by Australasian fauna.<ref name=":6" />

The ocean surrounding the Indonesian archipelago is inhabited by 30 marine mammals.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last1=Dharmadi|last2=Wiadnyana|first2=Ngurah N|date=2011|title=Status and research activities on marine mammals in Indonesia|url=https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/138572/1/10thSEASTAR_69.pdf|journal=Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on SEASTAR2000 and Asian Bio-logging Science (The 10th SEASTAR2000 Workshop)|pages=69–74}}</ref> The diverse range of mammals include rare and endangered whales and dolphins. The endangered status of marine mammals in Indonesian waters is a consequence of the extreme fisheries activities undertaken along the strait waters, such as coastal net-entanglements and reef bombing.<ref name=":7" /> The statistics of fisheries activities along Indonesian waters was that an annual catch of more than 4.5 million tonnes occurred in 2006 and the catches between 1996-1997 included 1424 [[manta ray]]s, 18 [[whale shark]]s, 312 other shark species, 4 [[minke whale]]s, 326 dolphins, 577 [[pilot whale]]s, 789 [[marlin]], 84 turtles, and 9 [[dugong]]s.<ref name=":7" /> The Lombok Strait is abundantly inhabited by the longnosed [[spinner dolphin]] (S. longirostris) and is commonly inhabited by the [[pantropical spotted dolphin]] (S. attenuata), [[bottlenose dolphin]] (T. truncatus), and the Southeast Asian spinner dolphin (Stenella longirostris roseiventris).<ref name=":7" /> The habitat of these [[cetacea]]n species consist of large rivers, [[mangrove]]s, and coastal environments.

Marine bacterial isolates are formed as a result of [[Total petroleum hydrocarbon|petroleum hydrocarbon]] contamination.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|last1=Syakti|first1=Agung Dhamar|last2=Lestari|first2=Priyati|last3=Simanora|first3=Satya|last4=Sari|first4=Lilik Kartika|last5=Lestari|first5=Febrianti|last6=Idris|first6=Fadliyah|last7=Agustiadi|first7=Teguh|last8=Akhlus|first8=Syafsir|last9=Hidayati|first9=Nuning Vita|last10=Riyanti|date=May 2019|title=Culturable hydrocarbonoclastic marine bacterial isolates from Indonesian seawater in the Lombok Strait and Indian Ocean|url=|journal=Heliyon|volume=5|issue=5|pages=e01594|doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01594|doi-access=free |issn=2405-8440|pmc=6512556|pmid=31111106|bibcode=2019Heliy...501594S }}</ref> According to a cruise investigation of the Indian Ocean and Lombok Strait conducted by the Institute for Marine Research and Observation, [[Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (Indonesia)|Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries]] (BPOL-KKP), the bacteria present in the marine environment of Indonesia consisted of: [[Aeromonas salmonicida|Aeromonas sp.]], [[Pseudomonas|Pseudomonas sp.]], [[Bacillus sporothermodurans|Bacillus sp.]], B. megaterium and [[Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis|Corynebacterium sp.]], through the enumeration and isolation of oil-degrading bacteria. Five distinct [[Microbial biodegradation|hydrocarbonoclastic]] marine bacterial species and two species from the [[Bacillus]] genera family, are bacterial strains that have been identified in the Lombok Strait.<ref name=":8" /> These bacterial strains have the potential to remediate the marine environment.<ref name=":8" /> The bacterial strains existing in Indonesian waters, including the Indian Ocean and the Lombok Strait, degrade [[polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon]]s (PAHs). This is because majority of the world’s crude oil are traded along the route of the Lombok Strait.<ref name=":8" /> The cultivable marine hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria identified in the Lombok Strait specifically have six [[Morphology (biology)|morphologies]]: LS-3, LS-13, LS-14, LS-15, LS-16, and LS-20. These colonies are discovered to have smooth and rippled surfaces and are of convex and raised elevation. They are found to be of various colours: yellow, opaque, white, and purple.<ref name=":8" /> [[Callidiopini]] species are identified to have been found on the islands of Bali and Lombok, which are divided by the Lombok Strait. One species of the Callidiopine fauna, Diatomocephala larvata (Ceresium larvatum) is unique to the Lombok Strait.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yokoi|first=Yaheita|date=2015|title=Notes on the Callidiopini (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae) across the Lombok Strait|url=http://coleoptera.sakura.ne.jp/ElytraNS/5-1_185.pdf|journal=Elytra, Tokyo|series=New Series|volume=5|pages=185–205}}</ref>