Editing List of national legal systems (section)

==Civil law==
{{Main|Civil law (legal system)}}
[[File:Mosaic of Justinianus I - Basilica San Vitale (Ravenna).jpg|thumb|Emperor [[Justinian I]], author of what became the foundational texts of the civil law tradition.]]

The source of law that is recognized as authoritative is [[Codification (law)|codifications]] in a constitution or [[statute]] passed by [[legislature]], to amend a code.
While the concept of codification dates back to the [[Code of Hammurabi]] in [[Babylon]] ca. 1790 BC, civil law systems derive from the [[Roman Empire]] and, more particularly, the ''[[Corpus Juris Civilis]]'' issued by the Emperor [[Justinian]] ca. AD 529. This was an extensive reform of the law in the [[Byzantine Empire]], bringing it together into codified documents. Civil law was also partly influenced by [[religious law]]s such as [[Canon law]] and [[Sharia|Islamic law]].<ref name=Badr>{{citation|title=Islamic Law: Its Relation to Other Legal Systems|first=Gamal Moursi|last=Badr|journal=The American Journal of Comparative Law|volume=26|issue=2 [Proceedings of an International Conference on Comparative Law, Salt Lake City, Utah, February 24–25, 1977]|date=Spring 1978|pages=187–198 [196–8]|doi=10.2307/839667|jstor=839667}}</ref><ref name=J-Makdisi /> Civil law today, in theory, is interpreted rather than developed or made by judges. Only [[legislature|legislative]] enactments (rather than legal [[precedent]]s, as in common law) are considered legally binding.

Scholars of [[comparative law]] and economists promoting the [[legal origins theory]] usually subdivide civil law into distinct groups:
* '''[[Napoleonic Code|French civil law]]''': in France, the [[Benelux]] countries, Italy, Romania, Spain and former colonies of those countries, mainly in Latin America, Africa and the Middle East;
* '''[[Law of Germany#Civil law|German civil law]]''': in Germany, Austria, Russia, Switzerland, Estonia, Latvia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo*, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Slovenia, Serbia, Greece, [[Portugal]] and [[Portuguese Empire|its former colonies]], Turkey, and East Asian countries including Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan (Republic of China);
* '''[[Scandinavian law|Scandinavian civil law]]''': in [[Northern Europe]] such as Denmark, Norway, Finland, Iceland and Sweden. As historically integrated into the Scandinavian cultural sphere, Finland and Iceland also inherited the system, although especially Iceland [[Law of Iceland#History|has its own]] legal roots. Scandinavian or '''Nordic''' civil law exhibit least similar traits with other civil law systems and is sometimes considered a legal system in its own right, despite reception from mainly German civil law.  

However, some of these legal systems are often and more correctly said to be of hybrid nature:
*'''Napoleonic to Germanistic influence ([[Italian law|Italian civil law]]) '''
The [[Italy|Italian]] civil code of 1942 replaced the original one of 1865, introducing germanistic elements due to the geopolitical alliances of the time.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.teoriaestoriadeldirittoprivato.com/index.php?com=statics&option=index&cID=132 |title = Towards a Civil Code: The Italian Experience|last = Triggiano|first = Annalisa|website = Teoria e Storia del Diritto Privato}}</ref> The Italian approach has been imitated by other countries including [[Portugal]] (1966), the [[Netherlands]] (1992), [[Lithuania]] (2000), [[Brazil]] (2002) and [[Argentina]] (2014). Most of them have innovations introduced by the Italian legislation, including the unification of the [[civil code|civil]] and [[Commercial code (law)|commercial code]]s.<ref>{{cite journal|url = http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/lcp/vol16/iss2/8/ |title = On the Legal Method of the Uniform Commercial Code|journal = Law and Contemporary Problems|volume = 16|number = 2|first= Mitchell|last= Franklin|date = Spring 1951|pages = 330–343|doi = 10.2307/1190098|jstor = 1190098}}</ref>

*'''Germanistic to Napoleonic influence ([[Swiss law|Swiss civil law]])'''
The [[Swiss civil code]] is considered mainly influenced by the German civil code and partly influenced by the French civil code. The civil code of the [[Republic of Turkey]] is a slightly modified version of the Swiss code, adopted in 1926 during [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]]'s presidency as part of the government's progressive reforms and secularization.

A comprehensive list of countries that base their legal system on a [[Codification (law)|codified]] civil law follows:
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;"
|+
|-
! style="width:130px;" |Country
! Description
|-
|{{flagicon|Albania}} [[Law of Albania|Albania]]
|Based on Napoleonic civil law.<ref>[http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/UNTC/UNPAN014893.pdf The Civil Code of the Republic of Albania, 1991] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122163847/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/UNTC/UNPAN014893.pdf |date=22 January 2016 }}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Angola}} [[Law of Angola|Angola]]
|Based on [[Portuguese law|Portuguese civil law]].
|-
|{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Law of Argentina|Argentina]]
|The Spanish legal tradition had a great influence on the [[Civil Code of Argentina]], basically a work of the Argentine [[jurist]] [[Dalmacio Vélez Sársfield]], who dedicated five years of his life to this task. The Civil Code came into effect on 1 January 1871. Beyond the influence of the Spanish legal tradition, the Argentine Civil Code was also inspired by the Draft of the Brazilian Civil Code, the [[wikt: Draft|Draft]] of the Spanish Civil Code of 1851, the [[Napoleonic code]] and the [[Civil Code (Chile)|Chilean Civil Code]]. The sources of this Civil Code also include various theoretical legal works, mainly of the great French jurists of the 19th century. It was the first Civil Law that consciously adopted as its cornerstone the distinction between i. rights from obligations and ii. real property rights, thus distancing itself from the French model.

The Argentine Civil Code was also in effect in Paraguay, as per a [[Paraguayan]] law of 1880, until the new Civil Code went into force in 1987.

In Argentina, this 1871 Civil Code remained in force until August 2015, when it was replaced by the new ''Código Civil y Comercial de la Nación''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.infoleg.gob.ar/infolegInternet/anexos/235000-239999/235975/norma.htm |title=Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas Públicas – Argentina |publisher=InfoLEG |access-date=2017-01-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://jornadaonline.com/Pol%C3%ADtica/139234-Comienza-a-regir-el-nuevo-C%C3%B3digo-Civil-y-Comercial |title=Comienza a regir el nuevo Código Civil y Comercial |publisher=Jornadaonline.com |access-date=2017-01-19 |archive-date=23 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623044951/http://jornadaonline.com/Pol%C3%ADtica/139234-Comienza-a-regir-el-nuevo-C%C3%B3digo-Civil-y-Comercial |url-status=dead }}</ref>

During the second half of the 20th century, the [[German law|German]] legal theory became increasingly influential in Argentina.
|-
|{{flagicon|Andorra}} [[Laws of Andorra|Andorra]]
|Courts apply the customary laws of Andorra, supplemented with Roman law and customary Catalan law.<ref>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3164.htm Andorra (11/07)]</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Armenia}} [[Law of Armenia|Armenia]]
| Based on Napoleonic Civil law and traditional Armenian law.
|-
|{{flagicon|Aruba}} [[Law of Aruba|Aruba]]
|Based on Dutch civil law
|-
|{{flagicon|Austria}} [[Law of Austria|Austria]]
|Based on Roman and Germanic Civil law. The [[Allgemeines bürgerliches Gesetzbuch]] (ABGB) of 1811. The ABGB is influenced both by Roman and Austrian law traditions. Comparable to the Napoleonic code, it is based on the ideals of freedom and equality before the law.
|-
|{{flagicon|Azerbaijan}} [[Law of Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]]
|Based on German, French, Russian, and traditional Azerbaijani Law
|-
|{{flagicon|Belarus}} [[Law of Belarus|Belarus]]
|Based on Germanic Civil law ([[Administrative Code of Belarus|administrative]], [[Criminal Code of Belarus|criminal]] codes)
|-
|{{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Law of Belgium|Belgium]]
|The [[Napoleonic Code]] is still in use, although it is heavily modified (especially concerning family law)
|-
|{{flagicon|Benin}} [[Law of Benin|Benin]]
|Based on Napoleonic Civil law. 
|-
|{{flagicon|Bolivia}} [[Law of Bolivia|Bolivia]]
|Influenced by the [[Napoleonic Code]]
|-
|{{flagicon|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} [[Law of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
|Influenced by [[Law of Austria|Austrian law]]. The Swiss civil law ([[Zivilgesetzbuch]]) was a model for the Law on Obligations of 1978.
|-
|{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Law of Brazil|Brazil]]
|Based on German, Italian, French and Portuguese law. However, in 2004 the [[Constitution of Brazil|Federal Constitution]] was amended to grant the [[Supreme Federal Court]] authority to issue binding precedents (''súmulas vinculantes'') to settle controversies involving constitutional law – a mechanism that echoes the ''stare decisis'' principle typically found in common law systems.
|-
|{{flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[Law of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]]
|Civil Law system influenced by Germanic and Roman law systems
|-
|{{flagicon|Burkina Faso}} [[Laws of Burkina Faso|Burkina Faso]]
|Based on the French civil law
|-
|{{flagicon|Burundi}} [[Laws of Burundi|Burundi]]
| Based on the French civil law
|-
|{{flagicon|Chad}} [[Laws of Chad|Chad]]
|Based on the French civil law
|-
|{{flagicon|China}} [[Law of the People's Republic of China|People's Republic of China]]
|Based on Germanic Civil law and France Civil law, also with influences from the [[Socialist law|Soviet Socialist law]] from [[Soviet Union]]
|-
|{{flagicon|Republic of the Congo}} [[Laws of Republic of the Congo|Republic of the Congo]]
|Based on the Napoleonic Civil law.
|-
|{{flagicon|Democratic Republic of the Congo}} [[Laws of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
|Based on Belgian civil law
|-
|{{flagicon|Cambodia}} [[Law of Cambodia|Cambodia]]
|
|-
|{{flagicon|Cape Verde}} [[Law of Cape Verde|Cape Verde]]
|Based on Portuguese civil law
|-
|{{flagicon|Central African Republic}} [[Law of Central African Republic|Central African Republic]]
|	Based on the French civil law system
|-
|{{flagicon|Chile}} [[Law of Chile|Chile]]
|Based on the Chilean Civil Law inspired by the Napoleonic Civil Law. The Spanish legal tradition exercised an especially great influence on the civil code of Chile. On its turn, the Chilean civil code influenced to a large degree the drafting of the civil codes of other [[Latin-American]] states. For instance, the codes of Ecuador (1861) and Colombia (1873) constituted faithful reproductions of the Chilean code, but for very few exceptions. The compiler of the [[Civil Code of Chile]], Venezuelan [[Andrés Bello]], worked for its completion for almost 30 years, using elements, of the Spanish law on the one hand, and of other [[Western law]]s, especially of the French one, on the other. It is noted that he consulted and used all of the codes that had been issued till then, starting from the era of [[Justinian]].

The Civil Code came into effect on 1 January 1857. The influence of the [[Napoleonic code]] and the Law of Castile of the Spanish colonial period (especially the ''[[Siete Partidas]]''), is great; it is observed however that ''e.g.'' in many provisions of [[property law|property]] or [[contract law]], the solutions of the French ''code civil'' were put aside in favor of pure [[Roman law]] or Castilian law.
|-
|{{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Law of Colombia|Colombia]]
|Based on the Chilean Civil Law. Civil code introduced in 1873. Nearly faithful reproduction of the [[Civil Code (Chile)|Chilean civil code]]
|-
|{{flagicon|Costa Rica}} [[Law of Costa Rica|Costa Rica]]
|Based on the Napoleonic Civil Law. First Civil Code (a part of the General Code or [[Braulio Carrillo Colina|Carrillo]] Code) came into effect in 1841; its text was inspired by the South Peruvian Civil Code of Marshal [[Andres de Santa Cruz]]. The present Civil Code went into effect 1 January 1888 and was influenced by the [[Napoleonic Code]] and the Spanish Civil Code of 1889 (from its 1851 draft version).
|-
|{{flagicon|Croatia}} [[Law of Croatia|Croatia]]
|Based on the Germanic Civil Law. The Croatian Law system is largely influenced by German and Austrian law systems. It is significantly influenced by the [[Allgemeines bürgerliches Gesetzbuch|Civil Code of the Austrian Empire]] from 1811, known in Croatia as ''"General Civil Law"'' ''("Opći građanski zakon")''. OGZ was in force from 1853<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.hr/natuknica.aspx?ID=45220 |title=Opći građanski zakonik &#124; Hrvatska enciklopedija |publisher=Enciklopedija.hr |access-date=2017-01-19}}</ref> to 1946. After the [[World War II]], Croatia becomes a member of the [[the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslav Federation]] which enacted in 1946 the ''"Law on immediate voiding of regulations passed before April 6, 1941, and during the enemy occupation"'' ''("Zakon o nevaženju pravnih proposal donesenih prije 6. travnja 1941. i za vrijeme neprijateljske okupacije")''. By this law, OGZ was declared invalid as a whole, but the implementation of some of its legal rules was approved. During the post-War era, the Croatian legal system become influenced by elements of the [[socialist law]]. Croatian civil law was pushed aside, and it took norms of public law and legal regulation of the [[Socialization (economics)|social ownership]]. After Croatia declared independence from Yugoslavia on 25 June 1991, the previous legal system was used as a base for writing new laws. ''"The Law on Obligations"'' ''("Zakon o obveznim odnosima")'' was enacted in 2005.<ref>Croatian legal history in the European context, Dalibor Čepulo, p. 357</ref> Today, Croatia as a [[European Union]] member state implements elements of the [[Acquis communautaire|EU acquis]] into its legal system.
|-
|{{flagicon|Cuba}} [[Law of Cuba|Cuba]]
|Influenced by Spanish and American law with large elements of [[Communist legal theory]].
|-
|{{flagicon|Curaçao}} [[Law of Curaçao|Curaçao]]
|Based on Dutch Civil Law.
|-
|{{flagicon|Czech Republic}} [[Law of the Czech Republic|Czech Republic]]
|Based on Germanic civil law. Descended from the [[Allgemeines bürgerliches Gesetzbuch|Civil Code of the Austrian Empire]] (1811), influenced by German (1939–45) and Soviet (1947/68–89) legal codes during occupation periods, substantially reformed to remove Soviet influence and elements of [[socialist law]] after the [[Velvet Revolution]] (1989). The new Civil Code of the Czech Republic was introduced in 2014, reestablishing the norms of the ABGB, an reintroducing terms and concepts from it.
|-
|{{flagicon|Denmark}} [[Courts of Denmark|Denmark]]
|Based on [[North Germanic law]]. Scandinavian-North Germanic civil law.
|-
|{{flagicon|Dominican Republic}} [[Law of the Dominican Republic|Dominican Republic]]
|Based on the [[Napoleonic Code]]
|-
|{{flagicon|Ecuador}} [[Law of Ecuador|Ecuador]]
|Based on the Chilean civil law. Civil code introduced in 1861. 
|-
|{{flagicon|El Salvador}} [[Law of El Salvador|El Salvador]]
|Based on law.
|-
|{{flagicon|Estonia}} [[Law of Estonia|Estonia]]
|Based on German civil law.
|-
|{{flagicon|Finland}} [[Law of Finland|Finland]]
|Based on Nordic law.<ref name="cia.gov">[https://web.archive.org/web/20070613003025/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2100.html The World Factbook]</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|France}} [[French law|France]]
|Based on [[Napoleonic code]] (''code civil'' of 1804)
|-
|{{flagicon|Egypt}} [[Egyptian Civil Code|Egypt]]
|Based on Napoleonic civil law and Islamic law.
|-
|{{flagicon|Equatorial Guinea}} [[Laws of Equatorial Guinea|Equatorial Guinea]]
|
|-
|{{flagicon|Ethiopia}} [[Laws of Ethiopia|Ethiopia]]
|
|-
|{{flagicon|Gabon}} [[Laws of Gabon|Gabon]]
|	Based on the French civil law system
|-
|{{flagicon|Guinea}} [[Laws of Guinea|Guinea]]
|Based on French civil law system, customary law, and decree<ref name="cia.gov" />
|-
|{{flagicon|Guinea-Bissau}} [[Laws of Guinea-Bissau|Guinea-Bissau]]
|Based on Portuguese civil law
|-
|{{flagicon|Georgia}} [[Law of Georgia (country)|Georgia]]
|Based on Napoleonic civil law
|-
|{{flagicon|Germany}} [[German law|Germany]]
|Based on Germanic civil law. The [[Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch]] of 1900 ("BGB"). The BGB is influenced both by Roman and German law traditions.
|-
|{{flagicon|Greece}} [[Law of Greece|Greece]]
|Based on Germanic civil law. The Greek [[civil code]] of 1946, highly influenced by traditional Roman law and the German civil code of 1900 ([[Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch]]); the Greek civil code replaced the [[Byzantine law|Byzantine–Roman civil law]] in effect in Greece since its independence (Νομική Διάταξη της Ανατολικής Χέρσου Ελλάδος, Legal Provision of Eastern Mainland Greece, November 1821: 'Οι Κοινωνικοί Νόμοι των Αειμνήστων Χριστιανών Αυτοκρατόρων της Ελλάδος μόνοι ισχύουσι κατά το παρόν εις την Ανατολικήν Χέρσον Ελλάδα', 'The Social [i.e. Civil] Laws of the Dear Departed Christian Emperors of Greece [referring to the Byzantine Emperors] alone are in effect at present in Eastern Mainland Greece')
|-
|{{flagicon|Guatemala}} [[Law of Guatemala|Guatemala]]
|Based on Napoleonic civil law. Guatemala has had three Civil Codes: the first one from 1877, a new one introduced in 1933, and the one currently in force, which was passed in 1963. This Civil Code has suffered some reforms throughout the years, as well as a few derogations relating to areas that have subsequently been regulated by newer laws, such as the Code of Commerce and the Law of the National Registry of Persons. In general, it follows the tradition of the Roman-French system of civil codification.

Regarding the theory of 'sources of law' in the Guatemalan legal system, the 'Ley del Organismo Judicial' recognizes 'the law' as the main legal source (in the sense of legislative texts), although it also establishes 'jurisprudence' as a complementary source. Although jurisprudence technically refers to judicial decisions in general, in practice it tends to be confused and identified with the concept of 'legal doctrine', which is a qualified series of identical resolutions in similar cases pronounced by higher courts (the Constitutional Court acting as a 'Tribunal de [[Amparo (law)|Amparo]]', and the Supreme Court acting as a 'Tribunal de Casación') whose theses become binding for lower courts.
|-
|{{flagicon|Haiti}} [[Law of Haiti|Haiti]]
|Based on Napoleonic civil law.
|-
|{{flagicon|Honduras}} [[Law of Honduras|Honduras]]
|
|-
|{{flagicon|Hungary}} [[Law of Hungary|Hungary]]
|Based on Germanic, codified [[Roman law]] with elements from Napoleonic civil law.
|-
|{{flagicon|Iceland}} [[Law of Iceland|Iceland]]
|Based on [[North Germanic law]]. Germanic traditional laws and influenced by Medieval Norwegian and Danish laws.
|-
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Law of India|India]] (former French and Portuguese colonies)
|Based on Portuguese civil law ([[Goa]], and [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]), and French civil law ([[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]).<ref name=p>{{Cite journal |last=Jain |first=Subhash C. |date=1970 |title=French Legal System in Pondicherry: An Introduction |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43950094 |journal=Journal of the Indian Law Institute |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=573–608 |jstor=43950094 |issn=0019-5731}}</ref> [[History of Indian law|Vedic Hindu legal traditions]] also influenced the legal system in India.<ref name=in1>{{Cite web |last=Ritisha |first=Sinha |date=2023-12-13 |title=India government introduces revised criminal law amendment bills with minor changes |url=https://www.jurist.org/news/2023/12/india-government-introduces-revised-criminal-law-amendment-bills-with-minor-changes/ |access-date=2024-03-31 |website=Jurist |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=in2>{{Cite news |last=Bhaumik |first=Aaratrika |date=2023-12-18 |title=Revised criminal law bills: The key changes {{!}} Explained |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/revised-criminal-law-bills-the-key-changes-explained/article67637348.ece |access-date=2024-03-31 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Law of Italy|Italy]]
|Based on [[Napoleonic Code|Napoleonic code]] and older ones with German law influence; civil code of 1942 replaced the original one of 1865.
|-
|{{flagicon|Ivory Coast}} [[Law of Ivory Coast|Ivory Coast]]
|Based on French civil law system
|-
|{{flagicon|Japan}} [[Japanese law|Japan]]
|Based on Germanic civil law. Japanese civil code of 1895.
|-
|{{flagicon|Latvia}} [[Law of Latvia|Latvia]]
|Based on Napoleonic and German civil law, as it was historically before the Soviet occupation. While general principles of law are prerequisites in making and interpreting the law, case law is also regularly applied to present legal arguments in courts and explain the application of law in similar cases. Civil law largely modeled after the Napoleonic code mixed with strong elements of German civil law. Criminal law retains Russian and German legal traditions, while criminal procedure law has been fully modeled after practice accepted in Western Europe. The civil law of Latvia enacted in 1937.
|-
|{{flagicon|Lebanon}} [[Law of Lebanon|Lebanon]]
|Based on Napoleonic civil law.
|-
|{{flagicon|Lithuania}} [[Law of Lithuania|Lithuania]]
|Modeled after Dutch civil law
|-
|{{flagicon|Louisiana}} [[Louisiana#Civil law|Louisiana]]<br>({{flagicon|United States}} U.S.)
|Law in the state of Louisiana is based on French and Spanish civil law.
Federal courts and 49 states use the legal system based on English common law (see below), which has diverged somewhat since the mid-nineteenth century in that they look to each other's cases for guidance on issues of the first impression and rarely look at contemporary cases on the same issue in the UK or the Commonwealth.
|-
|{{flagicon|Luxembourg}} [[Law of Luxembourg|Luxembourg]]
|Based on Napoleonic civil law.
|-
|{{flagicon|Macau}} [[Legal system of Macau|Macau]] (P.R.China)
|Principally based on Portuguese civil law, also influenced by PRC law.<ref name=l>{{cite journal |last1=Ignazio |first1=Castellucci |title=Legal Hybridity in Hong Kong and Macau |journal=McGill Law Journal |date=2012 |volume=57 |issue=4 |pages=665–720 |doi=10.7202/1013028ar |url=https://www.erudit.org/fr/revues/mlj/2012-v57-n4-mlj0351/1013028ar.pdf}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Mexico}} [[Legal system of Mexico|Mexico]]
|Based on Napoleonic civil law."The origins of Mexico's legal system are both ancient and classical, based on the Roman and French legal systems, and the Mexican system shares more in common with other legal systems throughout the world (especially those in Latin America and most of continental Europe) ..."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mexonline.com/lawreview.htm |title=Jaime B. Berger Stender Attorney at Law author, Tijuana, B.C., Mexico |access-date=23 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050404100250/http://www.mexonline.com/lawreview.htm |archive-date=4 April 2005 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Mongolia}} [[Law of Mongolia|Mongolia]]
|Based on Germanic civil law. 
|-
|{{flagicon|Montenegro}} [[Law of Montenegro|Montenegro]]
|Based on Napoleonic and German civil law. First: the General Property Code for the [[Principality of Montenegro]] of 1888, written by [[Valtazar Bogišić]]. Present: the Law on Obligations of 2008.
|-
|{{flagicon|Mozambique}} [[Law of Mozambique|Mozambique]]
|Based on Portuguese civil law
|-
|{{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Law of the Netherlands|Netherlands]]
|Based on [[Napoleonic Code|Napoleonic code with German law influence]] 
|-
|{{flagicon|Nepal}} [[Law of the Nepal|Nepal]]
|Based on [[National Code of Nepal|Civil Code]], however, the principle of ''[[stare decisis]]'' is widely practised. The legal system of Nepal has been influenced by [[british common law|British Legal System]]
|-
|{{flagicon|Norway}} [[Law of Norway|Norway]]
|Scandinavian-North Germanic civil law, based on [[North Germanic law]]. King [[Magnus VI of Norway|Magnus VI the Lawmender]] unified the regional laws into a single code of law for the whole kingdom in 1274. This was replaced by [[Christian V of Denmark|Christian V]]'s ''Norwegian Code'' of 1687.
|-
|{{flagicon|Panama}} [[Law of Panama|Panama]]
|
|-
|{{flagicon|Paraguay}} [[Law of Paraguay|Paraguay]]
|The Paraguayan Civil Code in force since 1987 is largely influenced by the Napoleonic Code and the Argentine Code
|-
|{{flagicon|Peru}} [[Law of Peru|Peru]]
|Based on civil law system. accepts compulsory International Court of Justice ICJ jurisdiction with despotic and corrupting reservations.
|-
|{{flagicon|Poland}} [[Polish law|Poland]]
|The Polish Civil Code in force since 1965
|-
|{{flagicon|Portugal}} [[Portuguese law|Portugal]]
|Influenced by the [[Napoleonic Code]] and later by the German civil law
|-
|{{flagicon|Romania}} [[Romanian law|Romania]]
|[[Civil Code of Romania|Civil Code]] came into force in 2011. Based on the Civil Code of Quebec, but also influenced by the Napoleonic Code and other French-inspired codes (such as those of Italy, Spain and Switzerland)<ref>{{cite book |title=Drept civil. Drepturile reale Principale |publisher=C.H. Beck |author=Valeriu Stoica |year=2009 |location=Bucharest |pages=XIII}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Russia}} [[Law of Russia|Russia]]
|Civil Law system descendant from [[Roman Law]] through [[Byzantine]] tradition. Heavily influenced by German and Dutch norms in the 1700s. Socialism-style modifications from 1920s on, and Continental European Civil Law influences since the 1990s.<ref>Maggs, Peter B., Olga Schwartz, and William Burnham. Law and legal system of the Russian Federation. Juris Publishing, Inc., 2015. https://books.google.com/books?id=J0jwCQAAQBAJ&dq=russian+legal+system&pg=PR21</ref><ref>Butler, William E. "Russian law." Elgar Encyclopedia of Comparative Law, Second Edition. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2012. 777–788. https://www.elgaronline.com/display/edcoll/9781849804158/9781849804158.00066.xml</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Rwanda}} Rwanda
|Mixture of Belgian civil law and English common law
|-
|{{flagicon|São Tomé and Príncipe}} [[Law of São Tomé e Príncipe|São Tomé e Príncipe]]
|Based on Portuguese civil law
|-
|{{flagicon|Serbia}} [[Law of Serbia|Serbia]]
|First: the [[Serbian civil law|Civil Code]] of [[Principality of Serbia]] of 1844, written by Jovan Hadžić, was influenced by the Austrian Civil Code ([[Allgemeines bürgerliches Gesetzbuch]]). Present: The Swiss civil law ([[Zivilgesetzbuch]]) was a model for the Law on Obligations of 1978.
|-
|{{flagicon|Slovakia}} [[Law of Slovakia|Slovakia]]
|Descended from the [[Allgemeines bürgerliches Gesetzbuch|Civil Code of the Austrian Empire]] (1811), influenced by German (1939–45) and Soviet (1947/68–89) legal codes during occupation periods, substantially reformed to remove Soviet influence and elements of [[socialist law]] after the [[Velvet Revolution]] (1989).
|-
|{{flagicon|Slovenia}} [[Law of Slovenia|Slovenia]]
|A Civil Law system influenced mostly by Germanic and Austro-Hungarian law systems
|-
|{{flagicon|South Korea}} [[Law of South Korea|South Korea]]
|Based on the German civil law system. Also largely influenced by Japanese civil law which itself modeled after the German one. [[Civil Code of the Republic of Korea|Korean Civil Code]] was introduced 1958 and fully enacted by 1960.
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|{{flagicon|Spain}} [[Law of Spain|Spain]]
|Influenced by the [[Napoleonic Code]], it also has some elements of Spain's legal tradition, starting with the [[Siete Partidas]], major legislative achievement from the Middle Ages. That body of law remained more or less unchanged until the 19th century when the first civil codes were drafted, merging both the Napoleonic style with the Castilian traditions. {{flagicon|Catalonia}} [[Catalonia]], {{flagicon|Balearic Islands}} [[Balearics]], {{flagicon|Aragon}} [[Aragon]], {{flagicon|Navarre}} [[Navarre]], the {{flagicon|Basque Country}} [[Basque Country (autonomous community)|Basque Country]] and {{flagicon|Galicia}} [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]] still have its own civil law (the so-called [[Fuero|foral law]]) which predates and survived the Spanish process of uniformisation, in the [[Catalans|Catalan]] case, its civil law is currently fully codificated in the form of the [[Civil Code of Catalonia]].
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|{{flagicon|Suriname}} [[Suriname]]
|Based on Dutch civil law
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|{{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Law of Sweden|Sweden]]
|Scandinavian-North Germanic civil law. Like all Scandinavian legal systems, it is distinguished by its traditional character and for the fact that it did not adopt elements of Roman law. It assimilated very few elements of foreign laws whatsoever. The Napoleonic Code had no influence in the codification of law in Scandinavia. The historical basis of the law of Sweden, just as for all Nordic countries, is [[North Germanic law]]. Codification of the law started in Sweden during the 18th century, preceding the codifications of most other European countries. However, neither Sweden nor any other Nordic state created a civil code of the kind of the ''Code Civil'' or the BGB.
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|{{flagicon|Switzerland}} [[Law of Switzerland|Switzerland]]
|The [[Swiss Civil Code]] of 1908 and 1912 (obligations; fifth book)
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|{{flagicon|Syria}} [[Syrian law|Syria]]
|Based on Napoleonic civil law.
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|{{flagicon|Taiwan}} [[Law of the Republic of China|Taiwan]] (Republic of China)
|Influenced by German [[Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch|Civil Code]] and Japanese [[Six Codes]]. Enacted in 1931.
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|{{flagicon|Timor-Leste}} [[Law of Timor-Leste|Timor-Leste]]
|Based on Portuguese civil law
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|{{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Law of Turkey|Turkey]]
|Modeled after the Swiss civil law ([[Zivilgesetzbuch]]) of 1907.
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|{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Law of Ukraine|Ukraine]]
|Based on German civil law and was accepted in 2004.
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|{{flagicon|Uruguay}} [[Law of Uruguay|Uruguay]]
|The basis for its [[public law]] is the [[Constitution of Uruguay of 1967|1967 Constitution]], amended in 1989, 1994, [[Constitution of Uruguay of 1997|1996]], and 2004. There is a clear separation of functions between the three administrative powers.<ref>[http://www.rau.edu.uy/uruguay/const97-1.6.htm Constitution of Uruguay] {{in lang|es}}</ref> Private relationships are governed by the [[Uruguayan Civil Code]].<ref>[http://www.parlamento.gub.uy/htmlstat/pl/codigos/CodigoCivil/2002/cod_civil-indice.htm Uruguayan Civil Code] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213041621/http://www.parlamento.gub.uy/htmlstat/pl/codigos/CodigoCivil/2002/cod_civil-indice.htm |date=2013-12-13 }} {{in lang|es}}</ref> 
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|{{flagicon|Uzbekistan}} [[Law of Uzbekistan|Uzbekistan]]
|Represents an evolution of [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] civil law. The overwhelmingly strong impact of the Communist legal theory is traceable.
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|{{flagicon|Vietnam}} [[Legal system in Vietnam|Vietnam]]
|Based on [[Communism|Communist legal theory]], influenced by [[French civil law]].
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|{{flagicon|Venezuela}} [[Law of Venezuela|Venezuela]]
|Based on Napoleonic civil law. Spanish legal traditions also influenced the civil law system in Venezuela.<ref>{{cite web |title=Venezuela: Legal tradition |url=https://www.icj.org/cijlcountryprofiles/venezuela/venezuela-introduction/venezuela-legal-tradition/ |publisher=International Commission of Jurists |access-date=2021-11-19}}</ref>
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