Editing List of glues (section)

==Plant- and animal-based adhesives==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" width="20" | Type
! scope="col" width="20" | Subtypes
! scope="col" width="50" | Source(s)
!Manufacture
! scope="col" width="250" | Chemistry
! scope="col" width="200" | Volatiles
! scope="col" align="center" width="100" | Safety
! scope="col" width="80" | Properties
!Shelf life
!Working time
!Setting
!Strength
!Solvents
! scope="col" width="30" | Uses
! scope="col" width="30" | Date
|-
!Roasted hydrocarbons
! align="center" |[[Tar]], [[Pitch (resin)|pitch]], and [[Bitumen|asphalt/ bitumen]]
| align="center" | Made from plants (especially wood) or fossil hydrocarbons
|natural or artificial [[destructive distillation]]
| Hydrocarbon goo of no specific chemical formula
| Emits [[Volatile organic compound]]s, especially when heated
| align="center" | health effects understudied (see [[Bitumen|Asphalt#Health and safety]])
| align="center" | dark, viscous, more flexible when heated
|Indefinite, may stiffen
|Indefinite
|Reversibly becomes more flexible and fluid when heated
|
|water-repellant,
| align="center" | [[Sealant]], [[hafting]]
| align="center" | prehistoric
|-
! rowspan="3" | Mixed-protein glues<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bye |first1=Carolyn N. |chapter=Casein and Mixed Protein Adhesives |title=Handbook of Adhesives |date=1990 |pages=135–152 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4613-0671-9_7|isbn=978-1-4612-8019-4 }}</ref>
! align=center | [[Casein glue]]
| align=center | Milk, limestone and brine
|[[Milk curd]] is mixed with alkalis
|
|
| align="center" | non-toxic (preservatives excepted)
|
|Once wet, 6–7 hours.
|
|~4 hours for softwood, 8 for hardwood; must be under pressure for >0.5-2 hrs
|tensile strength exceeds most woods, 2,200-3,00 pounds per square inch
|water-resistant, depending on alkalis used
| align="center" | [[Woodworking]], paper glue, fireproof laminates
|Medieval or earlier
|-
![[Soybean glue]]
|As for casein glue, but using soy protein
|[[Soy protein]] is mixed with alkalis
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
![[Albumin]] glues (blood glues and egg albumin adhesive, EAA)
|blood ([[serum albumin]]) or [[egg]]s
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|prehistoric
|-
![[Gelatin|Gelatin glues]]
! align="center" | [[hide glue]], including [[rabbit-skin glue]];
bone glue, and fish glue including [[isinglass]]
| align="center" | Animal [[connective tissue]]
and bones
|hides are acid-treated, neutralized, and repeatedly soaked; the soaking-water is dried into chips
|hydrolyzed [[collagen]]
|
| align="center" |
|
|
|Until it cools
|[[Thermoplastic]]. Somewhat brittle when set
|
|Water-soluble
| align="center" | Cabinetmaking, bookbinding, lutherie, [[glue-size]]
|
|-
![[Keratin glue]]s
!Hoof glue and [[horn glue]]
|[[Hoof|hooves]] of [[ungulate]]s, animal [[Horn (anatomy)|horns]]
|Hooves or horns are fragmented, boiled into goo, and acidified
|partially- [[Hydrolysis|hydrolyzed]] [[keratin]]
|
|
|
|
|Until it cools
|[[Thermoplastic]]. Hardens as it cools, but does not become brittle
|
|
|Gluing and stiffening textiles, cabinetmaking, glass sealant
|
|-
![[Fibrin glue]]
!
|human [[fibrinogen]] and human [[thrombin]]
|
| when two parts are mixed, they form [[fibrin]]
|
|
|
|
|10–60 seconds
|converts to [[fibrin]]
|
|
|Medicine
|
|-
!Waxes
![[Beeswax]]
|made by insects
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
![[Starch]] glues
![[potato starch]], [[rice glue]], [[wheatpaste]]
|starches (plant energy-storage chemicals)
|Starch may be purified before being mixed with water; leaving [[gluten]] in makes a more permanent bond
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
![[Dextrin|Dextrin glues]]
![[British gum]], [[Coccoina]]
|usually derived from potato starch
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|mid-19th century
|-
![[Polysaccharide]] glues
![[mucilage]], [[agar]], [[algin]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Tree gums/[[resin]]s
!Balsam (fir) resins, such as [[Canada balsam]], [[Dammar gum]], [[Gum arabic|Gum Arabic]] (also called acacia gum), [[Mastic (plant resin)|Mastic]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Latex [[rubber cement]]
(cow gum)
!
|[[latex]], a coagulating plant fluid, also made synthetically
|latex is dissolved in an organic solvent
|
|organic solvent evaporates as it sets
|solvent may be hazardous; latex is an [[Latex allergy|allergen]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
![[Methyl cellulose]]
!
|[[cellulose]], a plant structural material, and methyl chloride
|heating cellulose with an alkali and reacting it with [[methyl chloride]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}