Editing Lisbon (section)

==Etymology==

Lisbon's name may derive from [[Proto-Celtic]] or [[Celtic languages|Celtic]] ''[[Olisippo]]'', ''Lissoppo'', or a similar name which other visiting ancient peoples such as the Phoenicians, Greeks, and Romans adapted accordingly, such as the pre-Roman appellation for the Tagus River, ''Lisso'' or ''Lucio''. Classical authors writing in Latin and Greek, including [[Strabo]], [[Gaius Julius Solinus|Solinus]], and [[Martianus Capella]],<ref name="BostockRiley2015">{{cite book |author=Pliny the Elder |editor1=John Bostock |editor2=H.T. Riley |title=Pliny the Elder: The Natural History Book IV |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D4%3Achapter%3D35 |date=21 May 2015 |isbn=978-1-4725-2101-9 |chapter=35, note 22 |publisher=Bloomsbury |quote=Now Lisbon. Both Strabo, Solinus, and Martianus Capella make mention of a story that Ulysses came to Spain and founded this city. |access-date=4 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428213942/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D4%3Achapter%3D35 |archive-date=28 April 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="StahlBurge1992">{{cite book |author1=William Harris Stahl |author2=E. L. Burge |author3=Richard Johnson |title=Martianus Capella and the Seven Liberal Arts: The Marriage of Philology and Mercury |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nZ-Z9eI6dXwC&pg=PA233 |volume=II |date=June 1992 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-09636-2 |page=233 |access-date=4 September 2019 |archive-date=7 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207052743/https://books.google.com/books?id=nZ-Z9eI6dXwC&pg=PA233 |url-status=live }}</ref> referred to popular legends that the city of Lisbon was founded by the mythical hero Ulysses ([[Odysseus]]).<ref name="DelmasPenn2012">{{cite book |author1=Adrien Delmas |author2=Nigel Penn |title=Written Culture in a Colonial Context: Africa and the Americas 1500–1900 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bd0yAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA348 |date=20 January 2012 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-22524-4 |page=348 |access-date=29 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505085623/https://books.google.com/books?id=bd0yAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA348 |archive-date=5 May 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Barletta2010">{{cite book |author=Vincent Barletta |title=Death in Babylon: Alexander the Great and Iberian Empire in the Muslim Orient |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=49rmZ7_kessC&pg=PA39 |date=15 May 2010 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-03739-4 |page=39 |access-date=15 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128231608/https://books.google.com/books?id=49rmZ7_kessC&pg=PA39 |archive-date=28 November 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Lisbon's name was written ''Ulyssippo'' in Latin by the geographer [[Pomponius Mela]], a native of [[Hispania]]. It was later referred to as "Olisippo" by [[Pliny the Elder]] and by the Greeks as ''Olissipo'' (Ὀλισσιπών) or ''Olissipona'' (Ὀλισσιπόνα).<ref name="Almeida1992">{{cite book |author=Justino Mendes de Almeida |title=De Olisipo a Lisboa: estudos olisiponenses |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C5cvAQAAMAAJ&q=%22ipo%22 |year=1992 |publisher=Edições Cosmos |isbn=978-972-9170-75-1 |page=19 |quote=...que o nome ''Lisboa'' derivaria de um acusativo grego da 3° declinação, ''Olisipona''.", p. 19, (...the name Lisbon derives from the third declension of the Greek accusative singular, ''Olisipona''.) |access-date=29 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610115553/https://books.google.com/books?id=C5cvAQAAMAAJ&q=%22ipo%22 |archive-date=10 June 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, illustrated by numerous engravings on wood |first=William |last=Smith |location=London, England |publisher=Walton and Maberly |year=1854}}</ref>

Another claim repeated in historical literature is that the name of Lisbon could originate from a supposed ancient Phoenician term ''Alis-Ubbo'', meaning "safe harbour" or "pleasant haven".<ref name="History1780">{{cite book |author=Various, compiled |title=An Universal History, From the Earliest Accounts to the Present Time |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QCwIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA345 |year=1780 |page=345 |access-date=15 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128231659/https://books.google.com/books?id=QCwIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA345 |archive-date=28 November 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="FerreiraCabello1998">{{cite book |last1=Ferreira |first1=Emília |last2=Cabello |first2=Jorge |title=Lisbon |year=1998 |publisher=Casa Editrice Bonechi |isbn=978-88-8029-394-1 |page=3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2rQH2oKbywUC&pg=PA3 |language=en |access-date=11 March 2022 |archive-date=11 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311132743/https://books.google.com/books?id=2rQH2oKbywUC&pg=PA3 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Jack2019">{{cite book |last1=Jack |first1=Malcolm |title=Lisbon, City of the Sea: A History |year=2019 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-83860-172-0 |page=138 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=If2ZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT138 |language=en |access-date=11 March 2022 |archive-date=11 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311132521/https://books.google.com/books?id=If2ZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT138 |url-status=live }}</ref> Although modern archaeological excavations show there may have been Phoenician presence at this location since 1000{{nbsp}}BC,<ref name="Whitfield2005">{{cite book |author=Peter Whitfield |title=Cities of the World: A History in Maps |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WS4jgVqnck8C&pg=PA99 |year=2005 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-24725-3 |page=99 |access-date=15 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128210437/https://books.google.com/books?id=WS4jgVqnck8C&pg=PA99 |archive-date=28 November 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> this folk etymology completely lacks any evidence and "is never attested in ancient classical literature".<ref name="Burstein2019">{{cite journal |last1=Burstein |first1=Eitan |editor1-last=Elbl |editor1-first=Martin Malcolm |title=The Meaning of the Toponym 'Lisbon' Explained through Biblical Etymology |journal=Portuguese Studies Review |date=Winter 2019 |volume=27 |issue=2 |page=3 |url=https://philpapers.org/archive/CARQMD.pdf |issn=1057-1515 |quote=We surmise that the Phoenician toponym, the origin of Olisipo, should be neither Alits Ub(b)o, a form proposed by some scholars (e.g. Samuel Bochart, 1599−1667) notwithstanding the fact that it is never attested in ancient classical literature, nor the commonly accepted Alis Ubbo (see for instance the title of a documentary film produced in 2018, in a cynical sense), but a different form altogether. We shall use Hebrew to substantiate our argument. |access-date=11 March 2022 |archive-date=3 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403140247/https://philpapers.org/archive/CARQMD.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

Lisbon's name is commonly abbreviated as "LX" or "Lx", originating in an antiquated spelling of Lisbon as ''Lixbõa''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ciberduvidas.iscte-iul.pt/consultorio/perguntas/lx--lisboa/14867 |title=Lx., abreviatura de Lisboa - Ciberdúvidas da Língua Portuguesa |website=ciberduvidas.iscte-iul.pt |access-date=7 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404130124/https://ciberduvidas.iscte-iul.pt/consultorio/perguntas/lx--lisboa/14867 |archive-date=4 April 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> While the old spelling has since been completely dropped from usage and goes against modern language standards, the abbreviation is still commonly used.