Editing Lionel Hampton (section)

==Biography==
===Early life===
Lionel Hampton was born in 1908 in [[Louisville, Kentucky]], and was raised by his mother. Shortly after he was born, he and his mother moved to her hometown of Birmingham, Alabama.<ref>{{cite news |last=Giddins |first=Gary |title=Lionel Hampton, 1908–2002; After 75 Years Onstage, a Well-Earned Rest |newspaper=[[The Village Voice]] |url=http://www.villagevoice.com/music/0239,giddins,38597,22.html |date=September 23, 2002 |access-date=June 10, 2007 |archive-date=June 15, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070615101037/http://www.villagevoice.com/music/0239,giddins,38597,22.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pas.org/About/HofDetails.cfm?IFile=hampton |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080402010106/http://www.pas.org/About/HofDetails.cfm?IFile=hampton |archive-date=April 2, 2008 |work=PAS Hall of Fame |title=Lionel Hampton: 1908-2002 |author=Rick Mattingly |publisher=Percussive Arts Society}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.marineband.usmc.mil/learning_tools/hall_of_composers/hampton.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019063000/http://www.marineband.usmc.mil/learning_tools/hall_of_composers/hampton.htm |archive-date=October 19, 2012 |work=Hall of Composers |title=Lionel Hampton (1908-2002) |publisher=United States Marine Band}}</ref> He spent his early childhood in [[Kenosha, Wisconsin|Kenosha]], [[Wisconsin]], before he and his family moved to [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]], in 1916. As a youth, Hampton was a member of the [[Bud Billiken Club]], an alternative to the [[Boy Scouts of America]], which was off-limits because of [[racial segregation]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Ehrenhalt |first=Alan |title=The Lost City: The Forgotten Virtues of Community in America |publisher=Basic Books |year=1996 |page=152 |isbn=0-465-04193-0}}</ref> 

During the 1920s, while still a teenager, Hampton took [[xylophone]] lessons from [[Jimmy Bertrand]] and began to  play drums.<ref name="Yanow_94">{{cite book |last=Yanow |first=Scott |author-link=Scott Yanow |title=Classic Jazz |publisher=Backbeat Books |year=2001 |page=[https://archive.org/details/classicjazz00yano/page/94 94] |isbn=0-87930-659-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/classicjazz00yano/page/94 }}</ref> Hampton was raised [[Catholic Church|Catholic]], and started out playing [[fife (musical instrument)|fife]] and drum at the Holy Rosary Academy near Chicago.<ref name="Voce">{{cite web|last=Voce |first=Steve |title=Obituary: Lionel Hampton (The Independent, London) |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20020902/ai_n12639955 |access-date=June 3, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102144116/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20020902/ai_n12639955 |archive-date=January 2, 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=jWNlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=6IkNAAAAIBAJ&pg=2442,2795692&hl=en |title=Nun Taught Hampton |date=January 17, 1958 |newspaper=The Vancouver Sun |access-date=October 29, 2011}}</ref>

===Early career===
Lionel Hampton began his career playing drums for the ''[[Chicago Defender]]'' Newsboys' Band (led by [[Nathaniel Clark Smith|Major N. Clark Smith]]) while still a teenager in Chicago. While he lived in Chicago, Hampton saw Louis Armstrong at the Vendome, recalling that the entire audience went crazy after his first solo.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Brothers|first=Thomas|title=Louis Armstrong: Master of Modernism|publisher=W.W. Norton & Company|year=2014|isbn=978-0-393-06582-4|location=New York, NY|pages=194–95}}</ref> 

He moved to California in 1927 or 1928, playing drums for the Dixieland Blues-Blowers. He made his recording debut with The Quality Serenaders led by [[Paul Howard (musician)|Paul Howard]], then left for [[Culver City]] and drummed for the [[Les Hite]] band at Sebastian's Cotton Club. One of his trademarks as a drummer was his ability to do stunts with multiple pairs of sticks such as twirling and juggling without missing a beat.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.downbeat.com/default.asp?sect=stories&subsect=story_detail&sid=1018 |title=DownBeat Magazine |website=Downbeat.com |date=February 4, 1959 |access-date=October 11, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927191522/http://www.downbeat.com/default.asp?sect=stories&subsect=story_detail&sid=1018 |archive-date=September 27, 2013  }}</ref> 

During this period, he began practicing on the [[vibraphone]]. In 1930 [[Louis Armstrong]] came to California and hired the Les Hite band for performances and recordings. Armstrong was impressed with Hampton's playing after Hampton reproduced Armstrong's solo on the vibraphone and asked him to play behind him like that during vocal choruses.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Brothers|first=Thomas|title=Louis Armstrong: Master of Modernism|publisher=W.W. Norton & Company|year=2014|isbn=978-0-393-06582-4|location=New York, NY|pages=380}}</ref> So began his career as a vibraphonist, popularizing the use of the instrument in the process.<ref name="Yanow_94"/><ref>{{cite web |last=Rickert |first=David |title=Lionel Hampton: "Flying Home" |date=August 22, 2005 |url=http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/article.php?id=18777#.ULg64bTUkWM}}</ref>

While working with the Les Hite band, Hampton also occasionally did some performing with [[Nathaniel Shilkret|Nat Shilkret]] and his orchestra. During the early 1930s, he studied music at the [[University of Southern California]]. In 1934 he led his own orchestra, and then appeared in the [[Bing Crosby]] film ''[[Pennies from Heaven (1936 film)|Pennies From Heaven]]'' (1936) alongside Louis Armstrong (wearing a mask in a scene while playing drums).<ref>{{cite book |last=Britt |first=Stan |title=Dexter Gordon: A Musical Biography |publisher=Da Capo Press |year=1989 |page=31 |isbn=0-306-80361-5}}</ref>

===With Benny Goodman===
{{quote box|width=300px|quote=As far as I'm concerned, what he did in those days—and they were hard days in 1937—made it possible for Negroes to have their chance in baseball and other fields.|source='''Lionel Hampton''' on ''Benny Goodman''<ref name=Firestone />|}}

Also in November 1936,<ref name="Swing: Third Ear" /><!-- date specific reference, please do not move! --> the [[Benny Goodman]] Orchestra came to Los Angeles to play the [[Palomar Ballroom]]. When [[John H. Hammond|John Hammond]] brought Goodman to see Hampton perform, Goodman invited him to join his trio, which soon became the Benny Goodman Quartet with pianist [[Teddy Wilson]] and drummer [[Gene Krupa]] completing the lineup. The Trio and Quartet were among the first racially integrated jazz groups to perform before audiences,<ref name=Firestone>{{cite book |last=Firestone |first=Ross |title=Swing, Swing, Swing: The Life & Times of Benny Goodman |url=https://archive.org/details/swingswingswingl00fire |url-access=registration |publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]] |year=1994 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/swingswingswingl00fire/page/183 183–184] |isbn=0-393-31168-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| last = Scott| first = William B.| title = New York Modern: The Arts and the City| url = https://archive.org/details/newyorkmodernart0000scot| url-access = registration| publisher = [[Johns Hopkins University Press]]| date = 1999| page = [https://archive.org/details/newyorkmodernart0000scot/page/263 263]| isbn = 0801867932}}</ref> and were a leading small group of the day.

===Lionel Hampton Orchestra===
[[File:Lionel Hampton, Aquarium, New York, ca. June 1946 (William P. Gottlieb 03811).jpg|thumb|right|200px|Lionel Hampton at the Aquarium, New York, c. June 1946 (photograph: [[William P. Gottlieb|William Gottlieb]])]]
While Hampton worked for Goodman in New York, he recorded with several different small groups known as the Lionel Hampton Orchestra, as well as assorted small groups within the Goodman band. In 1940 Hampton left the Goodman organization under amicable circumstances to form his own [[big band]].<ref name="Swing: Third Ear">{{cite book |last=Yanow |first=Scott |author-link=Scott Yanow |title=Swing: Third Ear--The Essential Listening Companion |publisher=Backbeat Books |year=2000 |page=[https://archive.org/details/swing00yano/page/68 68] |isbn=0-87930-600-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/swing00yano/page/68 }}</ref>

Hampton's orchestra developed a high profile during the 1940s and early 1950s. His third recording with them in 1942 produced the version of "[[Flying Home]]", featuring a solo by [[Illinois Jacquet]] that anticipated [[rhythm & blues]]. Although Hampton first recorded "Flying Home" under his own name with a small group in 1940 for Victor, the best known version is the big band version recorded for Decca on May 26, 1942,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Yanow|first=Scott|date=2021-06-15|title=Flying Home - History and analysis|url=https://www.mosaicrecords.com/lionel-hampton-flying-home/|access-date=2021-07-25|website=Mosaic Records|language=en-US}}</ref> in a new arrangement by Hampton's pianist [[Milt Buckner]].<ref name="Flying Home">{{cite web |url=http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/article.php?id=18777#.ULhhaWcq5yV |title=Jazz article: "Lionel Hampton: 'Flying Home'" |access-date=November 29, 2012 |last=Rickert |first=David|date=August 22, 2005 }}</ref> The 78 RPM disc became successful enough for Hampton to record "Flyin' Home #2" in 1944, this time a feature for [[Arnett Cobb]]. The song went on to become the theme song for all three men. 

Guitarist [[Billy Mackel]] first joined Hampton in 1944, and would perform and record with him almost continuously through to the late 1970s.<ref>"Billy Mackel", ''[[The New Grove]] Dictionary of Jazz'', ed. Barry Kernfeld, 1988.</ref> In 1947, Hamp performed "[[Stardust (1927 song)|Stardust]]" at a "Just Jazz" concert for producer [[Gene Norman]], also featuring [[Charlie Shavers]] and [[Slam Stewart]]; the recording was issued by Decca. Later, Norman's GNP Crescendo label issued the remaining tracks from the concert.

Hampton was a featured artist at numerous [[Cavalcade of Jazz]] concerts held at [[Wrigley Field (Los Angeles)|Wrigley Field]] in Los Angeles and produced by [[Leon Hefflin, Sr.|Leon Hefflin Sr.]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Black music history of Los Angeles, its roots: 50 years in Black music: a classical pictorial history of Los Angeles Black music of the 20's, 30's, 40's, 50's and 60's : photographic essays that define the people, the artistry and their contributions to the wonderful world of entertainment|last=Reed, Tom.|date=1992|publisher=Black Accent on L.A. Press|isbn=096329086X|edition=1st limited |location=Los Angeles|oclc=28801394}}</ref> His first performance was at the second Cavalcade of Jazz concert held on October 12, 1946, and also featured [[Jack McVea]], [[Slim Gaillard]], [[T-Bone Walker]], the [[Joe Liggins|Honeydrippers]] and [[Louis Armstrong]]. 

The fifth Cavalcade of Jazz concert was held in two locations, [[Wrigley Field (Los Angeles)|Wrigley Field]] in Los Angeles and [[Lane Field (baseball)|Lane Field]] in San Diego, July 10, 1949, and September 3, 1949, respectively.  [[Betty Carter]], [[Jimmy Witherspoon]], [[Buddy Banks (saxophonist)|Buddy Banks]], Smiley Turner and [[Big Jay McNeely]] also played with Hampton.  

It was at the sixth Cavalcade of Jazz, June 25, 1950, that Hampton's playing precipitated the closest thing to a riot in the show's eventful history. Lionel and his band paraded around the ball park's infield playing ‘Flying High’.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Central Avenue sounds : jazz in Los Angeles|date=1998|publisher=University of California Press|last=Bryant |first=Clora|isbn=0520211898|location=Berkeley|oclc=37361632}}</ref>&nbsp;The huge crowd, around 14,000, went berserk, tossed cushions, coats, hats, programs, and just about anything else they could lay hands on and swarmed on the field.<ref>“Candid Comments” by GERTRUDE GIBSON Review The California Eagle June 30, 1950.</ref> [[Dinah Washington]], [[Roy Milton]], [[Pee Wee Crayton|PeeWee Crayton]], Lillie Greenwood, [[International Sweethearts of Rhythm|Tiny Davis and Her Hell Divers]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Identity & Affirmation Post War African American Photography|publisher=Institute For Arts & Media|year=2011|location=California State University Northridge|pages=16 and 19}}</ref> were also featured. 

His final Cavalcade of Jazz concert held on July 24, 1955 (Eleventh) also featured [[Big Jay McNeely]], The Medallions, [[The Penguins]] and [[James Moody (saxophonist)|James Moody]] and his Orchestra.<ref>“Pops Hampton Band Tops Outdoor Show” Article with Photo Los Angeles Sentinel July 21, 1955</ref>

From the mid-1940s until the early 1950s, Hampton led a lively rhythm & blues band whose [[Decca Records]] recordings included numerous young performers who later had significant careers. They included bassist [[Charles Mingus]], saxophonist [[Johnny Griffin]], guitarist [[Wes Montgomery]], vocalist [[Dinah Washington]], and vocal stylist "Little" Jimmy Scott. Other noteworthy band members were trumpeters [[Dizzy Gillespie]], [[Cat Anderson]], [[Kenny Dorham]], and [[Snooky Young]], trombonist [[Jimmy Cleveland]], and saxophonists [[Jerome Richardson]] and [[Curtis Lowe]].<ref name="hampV">{{cite web |title=Lionel Hampton January 4, 1950 |url=https://jdisc.columbia.edu/session/lionel-hampton-january-4-1950 |website=jdisc.columbia.edu |access-date=March 6, 2019 |archive-date=August 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803083438/https://jdisc.columbia.edu/session/lionel-hampton-january-4-1950 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The Hampton orchestra that toured Europe in 1953 included [[Clifford Brown]], [[Gigi Gryce]], [[Anthony Ortega (musician)|Anthony Ortega]], [[Monk Montgomery]], [[George Wallington]], [[Art Farmer]], [[Quincy Jones]], and singer [[Annie Ross]]. Hampton continued to record with small groups and jam sessions during the 1940s and 1950s, with [[Oscar Peterson]], [[Buddy DeFranco]], and others. In 1955, while in California working on ''[[The Benny Goodman Story]]'' he recorded with [[Stan Getz]] and made two albums with [[Art Tatum]] for [[Norman Granz]] as well as with his own big band.

Hampton performed with Louis Armstrong and Italian singer [[Lara Saint Paul]] at the 1968 [[Sanremo Music Festival]] in Italy. The performance created a sensation with Italian audiences, as it broke into a real jazz session.<ref>Lara Saint Paul performs with Lionel Hampton and Louis Armstrong [http://www.larasaintpaul.com/eHits.html Lara Saint Paul – The Hits] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181029120236/http://www.larasaintpaul.com/eHits.html |date=October 29, 2018 }}</ref> That same year, Hampton received a Papal Medal from [[Pope Paul VI]].

===Later career===
[[File:Lionelhampton.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Lionel Hampton during a concert in Aachen (Germany) on May 19, 1977]]
During the 1960s, Hampton's groups were in decline; he was still performing what had succeeded for him earlier in his career. He did not fare much better in the 1970s, though he recorded actively for his [[Who's Who in Jazz]] record label, which he founded in 1977/1978.<ref name="Swing: Third Ear" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/jazz/biography/artist_id_hampton_lionel.htm |title=JAZZ A Film By Ken Burns: Selected Artist Biography – Lionel Hampton |website=Pbs.org |access-date=June 27, 2014}}</ref>

Beginning in February 1984, Hampton and his band played at the [[University of Idaho]]'s annual jazz festival, which was renamed the [[Lionel Hampton Jazz Festival]] the following year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.uidaho.edu/class/jazzfest/about|title=Lionel Hampton Jazz Festival: About|website=University of Idaho|access-date=February 2, 2018}}</ref> In&nbsp;1987, the UI's [[Lionel Hampton School of Music|school of music]] was renamed for Hampton, the first university music school named for a jazz musician.<ref name=lmtlegcy>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=lr9eAAAAIBAJ&sjid=TzEMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3068%2C1662682 |work=Lewiston Morning Tribune |location=(Idaho) |last=Frye |first=Heather |title=Remembering Hamp's legacy |date=September 6, 2002 |page=1D}}</ref><ref name=mpdnvibs >{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=0KZCP5UExFUC&dat=20020902&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |work=Moscow-Pullman Daily News |location=(Idaho-Washington) |last=O'Neal |first=Shawn |title=The vibes fall silent |date=September 2, 2002 |page=1A}}</ref>

During much of the 1980s, some notable sidemen in Hampton's orchestra included [[Thomas Chapin]], [[Paul Jeffrey]], [[Frankie Dunlop]], [[Arvell Shaw]], [[John Colianni]], [[Oliver Jackson (musician)|Oliver Jackson]] and [[George Duvivier]]. Hampton remained active until a stroke in Paris in 1991 led to a collapse on stage. That incident, combined with years of chronic [[arthritis]], forced him to cut back drastically on performances. However, he did play at the [[Smithsonian National Museum of American History]] in 2001 shortly before his death.<ref name="Voce"/><ref name="Swing: Third Ear" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-71251678.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20070623221445/http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-71251678.html|url-status=dead|title=Celebrated Jazz Artist Lionel Hampton Donates His Vibes|date=June 23, 2007|archive-date=June 23, 2007|website=Archive.is|access-date=February 7, 2019}}</ref> On April 15, 2002, the United States Congress celebrated Hampton's life and "resolved by the Senate (the House of Representatives concurring), That the Congress, on behalf of the American people, extends its birthday greetings and best wishes to Lionel Hampton on the occasion of his 94th birthday."<ref>{{cite web |title=S. Con. Res. 101 (ES) |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/BILLS-107sconres101es |website=GovInfo.gov |publisher=United States Government Printing Office |date=15 April 2002}}</ref>

Hampton died at age 94 from [[congestive heart failure]] at [[Mount Sinai Hospital, New York|Mount Sinai Hospital]] in New York City on August 31, 2002.<ref name=lmtlegcy/><ref name="nytimes">{{cite news |author=Peter Watrous |title=Lionel Hampton, Who Put Swing In the Vibraphone, Is Dead at 94 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/09/01/nyregion/lionel-hampton-who-put-swing-in-the-vibraphone-is-dead-at-94.html |quote=Lionel Hampton, whose flamboyant mastery of the vibraphone made him one of the leading figures of the swing era, died yesterday morning at Mount Sinai Medical Center in Manhattan. He was 94. ...|newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=September 1, 2002 |access-date=December 16, 2014}}</ref> His funeral was held a week later on September&nbsp;7<!--, 2002,--> and featured a performance by [[Wynton Marsalis]] and David Ostwald's Gully Low Jazz Band at [[Riverside Church]] in [[Manhattan]]; the Saturday procession began at [[Cotton Club (New York City)|The Cotton Club]] in [[Harlem]].<ref name="nytimes" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Funeral Services for Lionel Hampton |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D02E0DF143EF936A3575AC0A9649C8B63&scp=1&sq=Funeral+Services+for+Lionel+Hampton&st=nyt |access-date=April 9, 2008 |work=The New York Times |date=September 5, 2002}}</ref> Speakers at his funeral included U.S. representatives [[Charles Rangel]] and [[John Conyers]] and former president [[George H. W. Bush]]; Hampton was interred at [[Woodlawn Cemetery, Bronx|Woodlawn Cemetery]] in [[The Bronx]].<ref name="CNN Jazzy">{{cite news |title=Jazzy send-off for vibes legend Hampton |url=http://www.cnn.com/2002/SHOWBIZ/Music/09/07/hampton.funeral/ |access-date=May 8, 2023 |work=CNN |date=September 7, 2002}}</ref><ref name=lmthmrchin>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=mL9eAAAAIBAJ&sjid=TzEMAAAAIBAJ&pg=4017%2C2008850 |work=Lewiston Morning Tribune |location=(Idaho) |agency=Associated Press and staff reports |title=When Hamp goes marching in |date=September 8, 2002 |page=1A}}</ref>