Editing Linguistic anthropology (section)

==Historical development==
Linguistic anthropology emerged from the development of three distinct [[paradigm]]s that have set the standard for approaching linguistic anthropology. The first, now known as "[[anthropological linguistics]]," focuses on the documentation of languages. The second, known as "linguistic anthropology," engages in theoretical studies of language use. The third, developed over the past two or three decades, studies issues from other subfields of anthropology with linguistic considerations. Though they developed sequentially, all three paradigms are still practiced today.<ref name=Duranti2003>Duranti, Alessandro. 2003. Language as Culture in U.S. Anthropology: Three Paradigms. ''Current Anthropology'' 44(3):323–348.</ref>

===First paradigm: anthropological linguistics===
{{main|Anthropological linguistics}}
The first paradigm, anthropological linguistics, is devoted to themes unique to the sub-discipline. This area includes documentation of [[language]]s that have been seen as at-risk for [[extinction]], with a particular focus on indigenous languages of native North American tribes. It is also the paradigm most focused on linguistics.<ref name="Duranti2003" /> Linguistic themes include the following:

* Grammatical description,
*[[Linguistic typology|Typological classification]] and
*[[Linguistic relativity]]

===Second paradigm: linguistic anthropology===
The second paradigm can be marked by reversing the words. Going from ''anthropological linguistics'' to ''linguistic anthropology'', signals a more anthropological focus on the study. This term was preferred by [[Dell Hymes]], who was also responsible, with [[John Gumperz]], for the idea of [[ethnography]] of [[communication]].  The term ''linguistic anthropology'' reflected Hymes' vision of a future where language would be studied in the context of the situation and relative to the community speaking it.<ref name="Duranti2003" /> This new era would involve many new technological developments, such as mechanical recording.

This paradigm developed in critical dialogue with the fields of [[folklore]] on the one hand and [[linguistics]] on the other. Hymes criticized folklorists' fixation on oral texts rather than the verbal artistry of performance.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hymes|first=Dell|date=1971|title=The Contribution of Folklore to Sociolinguistic Research|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/539732|journal=The Journal of American Folklore|volume=84|issue=331|pages=42–50|doi=10.2307/539732|jstor=539732 |issn=0021-8715}}</ref> At the same time, he criticized the cognitivist shift in linguistics heralded by the pioneering work of [[Noam Chomsky]], arguing for an ethnographic focus on language in use.    

Hymes had many revolutionary contributions to linguistic anthropology, the first of which was a new [[unit of analysis]]. Unlike the first paradigm, which focused on linguistic tools like measuring of [[phoneme]]s and [[morpheme]]s, the second paradigm's unit of analysis was the "speech event". A speech event is defined as one with speech presented for a significant duration throughout its occurrence (ex., a lecture or debate). This is different from a speech situation, where speech could possibly occur (ex., dinner). Hymes also pioneered a linguistic anthropological approach to [[ethnopoetics]]. Hymes had hoped that this paradigm would link linguistic anthropology more to anthropology. However, Hymes' ambition backfired as the second paradigm marked a distancing of the sub-discipline from the rest of anthropology.<ref name="Bauman">Bauman, Richard. 1977. "Verbal Art as Performance." ''American Anthropologist'' 77:290–311. {{doi|10.1525/aa.1975.77.2.02a00030}}.</ref><ref name="Hymes1981">Hymes, Dell. 1981 [1975] Breakthrough into Performance. In ''In Vain I Tried to Tell You: Essays in Native American Ethnopoetics''. D. Hymes, ed. Pp. 79–141. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.</ref>

=== Third paradigm: anthropological issues studied via linguistic methods and data ===
The third paradigm, which began in the late 1980s, redirected the primary focus on anthropology by providing a linguistic approach to anthropological issues. Rather than prioritizing the technical components of language, third paradigm anthropologists focus on studying culture through the use of linguistic tools. Themes include:

* investigations of personal and social [[Identity (social science)|identities]]
* shared [[Ideology|ideologies]]
* construction of [[narrative]] interactions among individuals

Furthermore, similar to how the second paradigm used new technology in its studies, the third paradigm heavily includes use of video documentation to support research.<ref name="Duranti2003" />