Editing Lincoln, England (section)

==History==
{{See also|Timeline of Lincoln|Lincoln City Centre}}

===Earliest history===
The earliest origins of Lincoln can be traced to remains of an [[Iron Age]] settlement of round wooden dwellings, discovered by archaeologists in 1972, which have been dated to the 1st century BCE.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.visitlincoln.com/about-lincoln/history-heritage/ |title=History & Heritage of Lincoln – Iron Age, Roman, Medieval, Industrial, Modern {{!}} Visit Lincoln |website=Visit Lincoln |access-date=17 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218025754/https://www.visitlincoln.com/about-lincoln/history-heritage/ |archive-date=18 February 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> It was built by [[Brayford Pool]] on the [[River Witham]] at the foot of a large hill, on which the [[Normans]] later built [[Lincoln Cathedral]] and [[Lincoln Castle]].

The name Lincoln may come from this period, when the settlement is thought to have been named in the [[Brythonic languages|Brittonic language]] of Iron Age Britain's [[Celts|Celtic]] inhabitants as ''Lindon'', "The Pool",<ref name="Matasović2009">{{Cite book |first=Ranko |last=Matasović |title=Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YN_YPQAACAAJ |access-date=12 June 2013 |year=2009 |publisher=Brill Academic Pub |isbn=978-90-04-17336-1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629021030/http://books.google.com/books?id=YN_YPQAACAAJ |archive-date=29 June 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> presumably referring to Brayford Pool (compare the etymology of [[Dublin]], from the Gaelic ''dubh linn'' "black pool"). The extent of the original settlement is unknown, as its remains are buried beneath the later Roman and medieval ruins and modern Lincoln.

===Lindum Colonia===
[[File:Newport Arch.jpg|left|thumb|[[Newport Arch]], a 3rd-century Roman gate]]
{{Main|Lindum Colonia}}
The Romans conquered this part of Britain in 48 CE and soon built a legionary fortress high on a hill overlooking the natural lake, Brayford Pool, formed by the widening of the River Witham, and the northern end of the [[Fosse Way]] Roman road (A46). Celtic ''Lindon'' was later [[Latin language|Latinised]] to ''Lindum'' and the title ''Colonia'' added when it became settled by army veterans.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harper |first=Douglas |title=Lincoln |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Lincoln&allowed_in_frame=0 |work=Online Etymology Dictionary |access-date=30 October 2011 |location=Lancaster, Pennsylvania, USA |year=2001–2011 |quote=Lincoln: English city, county town of Lincolnshire, O.E. Lindcylene, from L. Lindum Colonia from a Latinate form of British *lindo "pool, lake" (corresponding to Welsh llyn). Originally a station for retired IX Legion veterans. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119072937/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Lincoln&allowed_in_frame=0 |archive-date=19 January 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The conversion to a ''colonia'' occurred when the legion moved on to [[York]] (''Eboracum'') in 71 CE. '''Lindum colonia''' or more fully, '''Colonia Domitiana Lindensium''', after the then Emperor [[Domitian]], was set up within the walls of the hilltop fortress by extending it with about an equal area, down the hillside to the waterside.

It became a flourishing settlement accessible from the sea through the [[River Trent]] and through the River Witham. On the basis of a patently corrupt list of British bishops said to have attended the [[Council of Arles (314)|314 Council of Arles]], the city is often seen as having been the capital of the [[Roman province|province]] of [[Flavia Caesariensis]], formed during the late 3rd-century [[Diocletian Reforms]]. Subsequently, the town and its waterways declined. By the close of the 5th century, it was largely deserted, although some occupation continued under a ''Praefectus Civitatis'' – [[Paulinus of York|Saint Paulinus]] visited a man holding this office in Lincoln in 629 CE.

===Lincylene===
[[File:Lincoln Castle, Lincoln - geograph.org.uk - 689665.jpg|thumb|East Gate, Lincoln Castle]]
Germanic tribes from the North Sea area settled Lincolnshire in the 5th to 6th centuries. The Latin ''Lindum Colonia'' shrank in [[Old English]] to Lindocolina, then to Lincylene.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anglo-Saxon Chronicle – Parker MS: entry for 942 |url=http://www8.georgetown.edu/departments/medieval/labyrinth/library/oe/texts/asc/a.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501203010/http://www8.georgetown.edu/departments/medieval/labyrinth/library/oe/texts/asc/a.html |archive-date=1 May 2011}}</ref>

After the first [[Viking]] raids, the city again rose to some importance with overseas trading ties. In Viking times Lincoln had its own mint, by far the most important in Lincolnshire and by the end of the 10th century, comparable in output to that of [[York]].<ref>Finds suggest a 100-to-1 preponderance over the nominal mints of Caistor, Horncastle and Louth; a hoard recovered at Corringham, near Gainsborough, consists mainly of coins minted at Lincoln and York (David Michael Metcalf, ''An Atlas of Anglo-Saxon and Norman Coin Finds, c. 973–1086'', 1998:198–200).</ref> After establishment of the [[Danelaw]] in 886, Lincoln became one of the [[Five Burghs|Five East Midland Boroughs]]. Excavations at Flaxengate reveal that an area deserted since Roman times received timber-framed buildings fronting a new street system in about 900.<ref>Richard Hall, ''Viking Age Archaeology'' (series Shire Archaeology) 2010:23.</ref> Lincoln underwent an economic explosion with the settlement of the [[Danes (Germanic tribe)|Danes]]. Like York, the Upper City seems to have had purely administrative functions up to 850 or so, while the Lower City, down the hill towards the River Witham, may have been largely deserted. By 950, however, the Witham banks were developed, the Lower City resettled and the suburb of Wigford emerging as a trading centre. In 1068, two years after the [[Norman conquest of England]], [[William I of England|William I]] ordered Lincoln Castle to be built on the site of the old Roman settlement, for the same strategic reasons and controlling the same road, the [[Fosse Way]].<ref name="PS1">{{Cite PastScape |mnumber=326536 |mname=Lincoln castle |access-date=3 May 2013}}</ref>

===Green cloth===
[[File:Lincoln Guildhall Coat of arms.JPG|thumb|Coat of arms of King James I added in 1617 when the monarch visited the city for nine days]]
During [[the Anarchy]], in 1141 Lincoln was the site of a [[Battle of Lincoln (1141)|battle]] between [[Stephen of England|King Stephen]] and the forces of [[Empress Matilda]], led by her illegitimate half-brother [[Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester]]. After fierce fighting in the city streets, Stephen's forces were defeated and Stephen himself captured and taken to [[Bristol]].

By 1150, Lincoln was among the wealthiest towns in England, based economically on cloth and [[wool]] exported to [[Flanders]]; Lincoln [[weaving|weavers]] had set up a [[guild]] in 1130 to produce Lincoln Cloth, especially the fine dyed "scarlet" and "green", whose reputation was later enhanced by the legendary [[Robin Hood]] wearing woollens of [[Lincoln green]]. In the Guildhall, surmounting the city gate called the [[Guildhall and Stonebow, Lincoln|Stonebow]], the ancient Council Chamber contains Lincoln's civic insignia, a fine collection of civic regalia.

Outside the precincts of cathedral and castle, the old quarter clustered round the Bailgate and down [[Steep Hill]] to the [[High Street, Lincoln|High Street]] and [[High Bridge, Lincoln|High Bridge]], whose [[half-timbered]] housing juts out over the river. There are three ancient churches: [[St Mary le Wigford]] and [[St Peter at Gowts]], both 11th century in origin, and [[St Mary Magdalene, Bailgate, Lincoln|St Mary Magdalene]], from the late 13th century. The last is an unusual English dedication to a saint whose cult was coming into vogue on the European continent at the time.

Lincoln was home to one of five main [[History of the Jews in England|Jewish communities in England]], well established before it was officially noted in 1154. In 1190, [[Antisemitism|anti-Semitic]] riots that started in [[King's Lynn]], Norfolk, spread to Lincoln; the Jewish community took refuge with royal officials, but their homes were plundered. The so-called [[Norman House|House of Aaron]] has a two-storey street frontage that is essentially 12th century and the nearby [[Jew's House]] likewise bears witness to the Jewish population.<ref name="Local Heritage">{{Cite web |url=http://www.lincoln.gov.uk/visitor-and-leisure/heritage-and-tourism/local-heritage/jews-house-and-jews-court/110041.article |title=Jews House and Jews Court |access-date=11 June 2013 |publisher=City of Lincoln Council |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305052103/http://www.lincoln.gov.uk/visitor-and-leisure/heritage-and-tourism/local-heritage/jews-house-and-jews-court/110041.article |archive-date=5 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{PastScape |mnumber=326716 |access-date=11 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="BBC">{{Cite news |first=Eric |last=Weil |title=Lincolnshire Jewish Community |date=September 2003 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/lincolnshire/asop/people/jewish_community.shtml |publisher=BBC News |access-date=12 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708152728/http://www.bbc.co.uk/lincolnshire/asop/people/jewish_community.shtml |archive-date=8 July 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1255, the affair called "[[Blood libel|The Libel of Lincoln]]" in which prominent Lincoln Jews, accused of ritual murder of a Christian boy ([[Little Saint Hugh of Lincoln]] in medieval folklore) were sent to the [[Tower of London]] and 18 executed.<ref name="BBC"/> The Jews were all expelled in 1290.<ref name="BBC"/>

[[File:Jew's Court, Lincoln.jpg|thumb|Frontage of Jews' Court on [[Steep Hill]]]]
Thirteenth-century Lincoln was England's third largest city and a favourite of more than one king. In the [[First Barons' War]], it was caught in the strife between the king and rebel barons allied with the French. [[Battle of Lincoln (1217)|Here]] and at [[Dover]] the French and Rebel army was defeated. Thereafter the town was pillaged for having sided with [[Louis VIII of France|Prince Louis]].<ref name="DeRemilitari">{{Cite web |url=http://www.deremilitari.org/RESOURCES/SOURCES/wendover.htm |title=The Battle of Lincoln (1217), according to Roger of Wendover |access-date=12 June 2013 |author1=Roger of Wendover |author2=translated by J. A. Giles |date=1849 |location=London |work=Flowers of History |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024053150/http://www.deremilitari.org/RESOURCES/SOURCES/wendover.htm |archive-date=24 October 2013}}</ref> In the [[Second Barons' War]], of 1266, the disinherited rebels attacked the Jews of Lincoln, ransacked the [[synagogue]] and burned the records that registered debts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Jewish Community of Lincoln |url=https://dbs.bh.org.il/place/lincoln-england |publisher=The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot |access-date=2 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702122020/https://dbs.bh.org.il/place/lincoln-england |archive-date=2 July 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Decline, dissolution and damage===
Some historians have the city's fortunes declining from the 14th century, but others argue that it remained buoyant in trade and communications well into the 15th. In 1409, the city became a [[county corporate]]: the County of the City of Lincoln, formerly part of the [[West Riding of Lindsey]] since at least the time of the [[Domesday Book]]. Additional rights were then conferred by successive monarchs, including those of an assay town (controlling metal manufacturing, for example).<ref>A. Kissane, ''Civic Community in Late Medieval Lincoln: Urban Society and Economy in the Age of the Black Death, 1289–1409'' (Woodbridge, 2017). Updated 4 January 2017.</ref> The oldest surviving [[Secularity|secular]] [[drama]] in English, ''[[The Interlude of the Student and the Girl]]'' ({{Circa|1300}}), may have originated from Lincoln.

Lincoln's [[coat of arms]], not officially endorsed by the [[College of Arms]], is believed to date from the 14th century. It is ''[[Argent (heraldry)|Argent]] on a [[Cross (heraldry)|cross]] [[Gules (heraldry)|gules]] a [[fleur-de-lis]] [[Or (heraldry)|or]]''. The cross is believed to derive from the Diocese. The fleur-de-lis symbolises the cathedral dedication to the Virgin Mary. The [[motto]] is CIVITAS LINCOLNIA ("City of Lincoln").<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ngw.nl/heraldrywiki/index.php?title=Lincoln |title=Lincoln |publisher=Heraldry of the World |access-date=18 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180110203912/http://ngw.nl/heraldrywiki/index.php?title=Lincoln |archive-date=10 January 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:High Bridge, High Street, Lincoln.jpg|thumb|16th-century High Bridge]]
The [[dissolution of the monasteries]] cut Lincoln's main source of diocesan income and dried up the network of patronage controlled by the bishop. Seven monasteries closed in the city alone, as did several nearby abbeys, which further diminished the region's political power. A symbol of Lincoln's economic and political decline came in 1549, when the cathedral's great spire rotted and collapsed and was not replaced. However, the comparative poverty of post-medieval Lincoln preserved pre-medieval structures that would probably have been lost under more prosperous conditions.

Between 1642 and 1651 in the [[English Civil War]], Lincoln was on a frontier between the [[cavalier|Royalist]] and [[roundhead|Parliamentary]] forces and changed hands several times.<ref name="Wedgwood 1970 248">{{Harvnb |Wedgwood |1970 |p=248}}.</ref> Many buildings were badly damaged. Lincoln now had no major industry and no easy access to the sea. It suffered as the rest of the country was beginning to prosper in the early 18th century, travellers often commenting on what had essentially become a one-street town.<ref name="Wedgwood 1970 248"/>

===Revolutions===
By the [[Georgian era]], Lincoln's fortunes began to pick up, thanks in part to the [[British Agricultural Revolution|Agricultural Revolution]]. Reopening of the [[Foss Dyke]] canal eased imports of coal and other raw materials vital to industry. Along with the economic growth of Lincoln in this period, the city boundaries were spread to include the West Common. To this day, an annual Beat the Boundaries walk takes place along its perimeter.

Coupled with the arrival of railway links, Lincoln boomed again during the [[Industrial Revolution]], and several famous companies arose, such as [[Ruston (engine builder)|Ruston's]], [[Clayton & Shuttleworth|Clayton]]'s, [[Ruston, Proctor and Company|Proctor]]'s and [[William Foster & Co. Ltd|William Foster's]]. Lincoln began to excel in heavy engineering, by building locomotives, steam shovels and all manner of heavy machinery.

It was also around this time that the town's name became overshadowed in the world's consciousness by a different meaning of the word “Lincoln”: namely, U.S. President [[Abraham Lincoln]], who led his country through [[American Civil War|their brutal Civil War]] and succeeded in abolishing [[Slavery in the United States|nearly all slavery within its borders]]. Abraham Lincoln's surname does trace back to the English town of Lincoln, but his family had migrated to [[United States|America]] long before his birth.<ref>Donald, David Herbert. "Lincoln". Simon & Schuster, 1995.</ref> Many locations in the U.S. now bear the name Lincoln, such as [[Lincoln, Nebraska]]. But the shared name with England's Lincoln is only coincidental, as the U.S. place names were named in honor of Abraham Lincoln.

A permanent military presence came with the 1857 completion of the [[The Old Barracks, Lincoln|"Old Barracks"]] (now held by the [[Museum of Lincolnshire Life]]). They were replaced by the "New Barracks" (now [[Sobraon Barracks]]) in 1890, when [[Lincoln Drill Hall]] in Broadgate also opened.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.heritageconnectlincoln.com/lara-raz/the-sobraon-barracks/803
|title=Sobraon Barracks |publisher=Heritage Connect Lincoln |access-date=28 May 2014 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141127130836/http://www.heritageconnectlincoln.com/lara-raz/the-sobraon-barracks/803 |archive-date=27 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Drill Hall |url=http://www.drillhalls.org/Counties/Lincolnshire/TownLincoln.htm |access-date=18 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215112813/http://www.drillhalls.org/Counties/Lincolnshire/TownLincoln.htm |archive-date=15 December 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===20th and 21st centuries===
[[File:Westgate Water Tower.jpg|alt=Brick built tower with wooden door at base|thumb|upright|Westgate water tower]]
Lincoln was hit by [[typhoid]] in November 1904 – August 1905 caused by polluted drinking water from Hartsholme Lake and the [[River Witham]]. Over 1,000 people contracted the disease and fatalities totalled 113,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thisislincolnshire.co.uk/100-year-old-promise-kept-following-typhoid/story-13417550-detail/story.html#axzz2LdhgysLd |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130421125220/http://www.thisislincolnshire.co.uk/100-year-old-promise-kept-following-typhoid/story-13417550-detail/story.html%23axzz2LdhgysLd |archive-date=21 April 2013 |url-status=dead |title=100-year-old promise kept following typhoid epidemic in Lincoln |access-date=20 March 2018}}</ref> including the man responsible for the city's water supply, Liam Kirk of Baker Crescent. Near the beginning of the epidemic, Dr Alexander Cruickshank Houston installed a chlorine [[disinfection]] system just ahead of the poorly operating, slow sand filter, to kill the fatal bacteria.<ref>R. J. Reece, 1907, "Report on the Epidemic of Enteric Fever in the City of Lincoln, 1904–05". In ''Thirty-Fifth Annual Report of the Local Government Board, 1905–06: Supplement Containing the Report of the Medical Officer for 1905–06. London:Local Government Board,'' 116.</ref> [[Water chlorination|Chlorination]] of the water continued until 1911, when a new supply was implemented.<ref>Houston, Alexander C. (1921). "B. Welchii, Gastro-Enteritis and Water Supply." ''Engineering News-Record.'' 87:12, 484.</ref> Lincoln's chlorination episode was an early use of chlorine to disinfect a water supply.<ref>Moses N. Baker (1981), ''The Quest for Pure Water: the History of Water Purification from the Earliest Records to the Twentieth Century.'' 2nd ed., Vol. 1., Denver: American Water Works Association, p. 336.</ref> [[Westgate Water Tower]] was built to provide new supplies.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.visitlincoln.com/things-to-do/westgate-water-tower |title=west gate water tower |website=visitlincoln.com |access-date=14 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115023308/https://www.visitlincoln.com/things-to-do/westgate-water-tower |archive-date=15 January 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In the two [[world war]]s, Lincoln switched to war production. The first ever [[tank]]s were invented, designed and built in Lincoln by [[William Foster & Co.]] in the [[First World War]] and population growth provided more workers for greater expansion. The tanks were tested on land now covered by Tritton Road in the south-west suburbs. In the [[Second World War]], Lincoln produced an array of war goods: tanks, aircraft, [[munitions]] and military vehicles.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.visitlincoln.com/about-lincoln/history-heritage/aviation/ |title=aviation history |website=visitlincoln.com |access-date=14 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115025027/https://www.visitlincoln.com/about-lincoln/history-heritage/aviation/ |archive-date=15 January 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In World War II 26 high explosive bombs were dropped on the city, with around 500 incendiary bombs, over five occasions, with eight people killed. 50 houses were destroyed, with the worst night being 9 May 1941.<ref>''Lincolnshire Echo'' Monday 23 October 1944, page 3</ref> Also much damage occurred in the Dixon Street area on Friday 15 January 1943.<ref>''Lincolnshire Echo'' Tuesday 5 December 1944, page 3</ref> Two parachute mines landed in fields on South Common on the night of 19 November 1940, which exploded and broke many windows in the town, but with no more damage.<ref>''Lincolnshire Echo'' Monday 10 December 1945, page 3</ref> On 8 May 1941, nine high explosive bombs were dropped on around Westwick Gardens in Boultham Park, east of the former [[The Priory Witham Academy|Ancaster High School]], killing three people.<ref>''Lincolnshire Echo'' Saturday 21 August 1999, page 12</ref>

A Spitfire and Hurricane, from [[RAF Digby]], collided over Lincoln. One pilot landed on allotments near Kingsway, and another landed near Branston Road. The Spitfire crashed on a house in Drake Street, and the Hurricane did a full circuit of the north of Lincoln, with no pilot aboard, and descended over the top of St Mary le Wigford church, to crash into a row of houses and shops, killing three people, and injuring nine.<ref>''Lincolnshire Echo'' Saturday 5 August 1961, page 4</ref><ref>''Lincolnshire Echo'' Tuesday 24 November 1987, page 6</ref>

[[Ruston & Hornsby]] produced [[diesel engine]]s for ships and [[locomotive]]s, then by teaming up with former colleagues of [[Frank Whittle]] and [[Power Jets]] Ltd, in the early 1950s, R & H (which became RGT) opened the first production line for [[gas turbine]] engines for land-based and sea-based energy production. Its success made it the city's largest single employer, providing over 5,000 jobs in its factory and research facilities, making it a rich takeover target for industrial conglomerates. It was subsumed by [[English Electric]] in November 1966, which was then bought by [[General Electric Company|GEC]] in 1968, with diesel engine production being transferred to the Ruston Diesels Division in [[Newton-le-Willows]], Lancashire, at the former [[Vulcan Foundry]].

Pelham Works merged with [[Alstom]] of France in the late 1980s and was then bought in 2003 by [[Siemens]] of Germany as [[Siemens Power Generation|Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery]]. This includes what is left of [[Napier Turbochargers]]. Plans came early in 2008 for a new plant outside the city at [[Teal Park, Lincolnshire|Teal Park]], [[North Hykeham]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.siemens.co.uk/en/news_press/index/news_archive/february_5_2008.htm |title=Siemens identifies Lincolnshire site for relocation plans |website=siemens.co.uk |access-date=20 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221720/http://www.siemens.co.uk/en/news_press/index/news_archive/february_5_2008.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Still, Siemens made large redundancies and moved jobs to Sweden and the Netherlands. The factory now employs 1300. R & H's former [[Beevor Foundry]] is now owned by [[Hoval Group]], making industrial boilers ([[Woodchips|wood chip]]). The Aerospace Manufacturing Facility (AMF) in Firth Road passed from Alstom Aerospace Ltd to [[Industria de Turbo Propulsores|ITP Engines]] UK in January 2009.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.itpaero.com/en/|title=Home|website=www.itpaero.com|access-date=6 March 2023|archive-date=6 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306224553/https://www.itpaero.com/en/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://exchange.esa.int/thermal-workshop/attachments/workshop2009/appendix/ESATAN-Talk.pdf |title=ESATAN Thermal Modelling Suite Development Status 2009 |first=Henri |last=Brouquet |date=October 2009 |access-date=7 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531123814/https://exchange.esa.int/thermal-workshop/attachments/workshop2009/appendix/ESATAN-Talk.pdf |archive-date=31 May 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Lincoln's second largest private employer is James Dawson and Son, a belting and hose maker founded in the late 19th century. Its two sites are in Tritton Road. The main one, next to the University of Lincoln, used Lincoln's last coal-fired boiler until it was replaced by gas in July 2018.

New suburbs appeared after 1945, but heavy industry declined towards the end of the 20th century. Much development, notably around the Brayford area, has followed the construction of the University of Lincoln's Brayford Campus, which opened in 1996.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.lincoln.ac.uk/home/abouttheuniversity/ourhistory/ |title=Our History – About the University – University of Lincoln |website=lincoln.ac.uk |access-date=3 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181218174954/http://www.lincoln.ac.uk/home/abouttheuniversity/ourhistory/ |archive-date=18 December 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2012, Bishop Grosseteste teaching college was also awarded university status.