Editing Light-emitting diode (section)

==History==
{{Main|History of the LED}}
[[Electroluminescence]], from a solid state diode, was discovered, in 1906, by [[H. J. Round|Henry Joseph Round]], of [[Marconi Company|Marconi Labs]], and published, in February 1907, in Electrical World; Round observing various carborundum ([[silicon carbide]]) crystals would emit yellow, light green, orange or blue light, when a voltage was passed between the poles.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schubert |first=E. Fred |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=hI8JpVW5KToC&pg=PA1&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Light-Emitting Diodes |date=2003-05-15 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-53351-5 |pages=1 |language=en}}</ref>

A [[silicon carbide]] LED was created by Soviet inventor [[Oleg Losev]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lossev |first=O.V. |date=November 1928 |title=CII. Luminous carborundum detector and detection effect and oscillations with crystals |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14786441108564683 |journal=The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science |language=en |volume=6 |issue=39 |pages=1024–1044 |doi=10.1080/14786441108564683 |issn=1941-5982}}</ref> in 1927.

Commercially viable LEDs only became available after [[Texas Instruments]] engineers patented efficient near-infrared emission from a diode based on [[Gallium arsenide|GaAs]] in 1962.

From 1968, commercial LEDs were extremely costly and saw no practical use. [[Monsanto]] and [[Hewlett-Packard]] led the development of LEDs to the point where, in the 1970s, a unit cost less than five cents.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/ocm47203707 |title=Light-emitting diodes: research, manufacturing, and applications V: 24-25 January 2001, San Jose, USA |date=2001 |publisher=SPIE |isbn=978-0-8194-3956-7 |editor-last=Yao |editor-first=H. Walter |series=SPIE proceedings series |location=Bellingham, Wash |oclc=ocm47203707 |editor-last2=Schubert |editor-first2=E. Fred |editor-last3=United States |editor-last4=AIXTRON, Inc |editor-last5=Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers}}</ref>

In the early 1990s, [[Shuji Nakamura]], [[Hiroshi Amano]] and [[Isamu Akasaki]] invented blue light-emitting diodes that were dramatically more efficient than their predecessors, bringing a new generation of bright, energy-efficient white lighting and full-color LED displays into practical use and winning the 2014 [[Nobel Prize in Physics]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Webb|first=Jonathan|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-29518521|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250120041415/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-29518521|title=Invention of blue LEDs wins physics Nobel|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=7 October 2014|archive-date=20 January 2025|access-date=1 March 2025}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20141007-DO">{{cite news |last=Overbye |first=Dennis |author-link=Dennis Overbye |date=7 October 2014 |archive-date=18 February 2025|title=American and 2 Japanese Physicists Share Nobel for Work on LED Lights |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/08/science/isamu-akasaki-hiroshi-amano-and-shuji-nakamura-awarded-the-nobel-prize-in-physics.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250218025818/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/08/science/isamu-akasaki-hiroshi-amano-and-shuji-nakamura-awarded-the-nobel-prize-in-physics.html|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>