Editing Lexington, Mississippi (section)

==History==

Incorporated in 1836, the city was founded by European-American settlers after most of the [[Choctaw people]], who had long occupied this area, were forced to cede their land to the United States and remove to the [[Indian Territory]]. The new settlers initially developed riverfront land along the [[Yazoo River|Yazoo]] and Black rivers for cotton plantations, primarily worked by enslaved African Americans. The enslaved people were brought by planters with them from the [[Upper South]] or transported in the domestic [[History of slavery|slave trade]]. In total, more than one million African Americans were transported to the [[Deep South]], breaking up many families. The African-descended enslaved people soon constituted the majority of the Holmes County population.

On court days, the town served as a trading center for the county and attracted retail merchants. Lexington was a destination in the 1830s of some German-Jewish immigrants, who often became merchants. They were joined much later in the century by Russian Jewish immigrants. The Jewish community built Temple Beth El in Lexington in 1905; it closed in 2009 because of declining population.<ref name="daily">[http://forward.com/articles/114913/ "A Final Yom Kippur in the Delta for Mississippi Community Begun in 1830s"], ''[[The Jewish Daily Forward]]''</ref> During the plantation era, the city was bustling, as planters grew wealthy from the booming demand for [[cotton]] in the North and Europe.

Among the early settlers in the 1830s was German-Jewish immigrant Jacob Sontheimer, who first worked caring for an elderly planter. After being bequeathed land, Sontheimer later became a merchant in town. His two daughters, Rose and Bettie, also became merchants, managing the Sontheimer business. He was joined by other Jewish immigrants from Germany, totaling about 20 by the late 1870s and 50 by 1900. In the later years Jewish immigrants also came from eastern Europe to Lexington. They developed tailoring and grocery businesses; the Lewis Grocery Store developed into a major wholesaler in the state.<ref name="daily"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.isjl.org/mississippi-lexington-encyclopedia.html|title=ISJL - Mississippi Lexington Encyclopedia|website=Goldring/Woldenberg Institute of Southern Jewish Life|accessdate=30 November 2018}}</ref>

After the Civil War, [[freedmen]] in Holmes County, who constituted the majority of the population, joined the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] and elected several county sheriffs and other local officers. They sought education and some became landowners, clearing land in the bottomlands and selling their timber to raise money for purchase. This progress was before 1890, when they were essentially [[Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era|deprived of the vote]] by the state legislature passing a new constitution, which created barriers to voter registration and forced them out of politics for decades into the late 20th century. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, financial recession and lack of political clout meant that many freedmen lost their land; within a generation they had regressed to the status of [[sharecropper]] and [[tenant farmer]].

===20th century to present===
[[File:Selling fish on Saturday afternoon, Lexington, Holmes County... (3110576734).jpg|thumb|Selling fish on Saturday afternoon in Lexington, 1939. Photo by [[Marion Post Wolcott]].]]

[[Edmund F. Noel]], an attorney in Lexington, was a son of planters Leland and Margaret Noel, from Virginia and North Carolina, respectively. His father had developed cotton plantations in Holmes County in the antebellum period. The younger Noel became a politician, elected as a state legislator and later as district attorney. In 1906 he was elected as governor of Mississippi, serving through 1912. His house at North Street is listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] for its distinctive architecture, and is known as the "Gov. Edmond F. Noel House." It was bequeathed to him by his mother.

In the early 20th century, Mississippi planters recruited Chinese immigrant workers to satisfy the demand for farm labor, and some came to Holmes County. As the area suffered from the [[boll weevil]] infestation, the cotton crops suffered. Agricultural mechanization reduced the need for farm labor, leading to a decline in county and town populations from the 1930s on. Many African Americans fled the South for northern and midwestern industrial cities, seeking more opportunities and escape from the violence of [[lynching]]s and oppression of [[Jim Crow]] rules.

In the 1940s, two lynchings of black men took place in or near Lexington: singer [[B.B. King]] later recounted having seen a youth hanged in the courthouse square during the short time he was living there as a teenager, about 1942–1944. The body of 35-year-old Leon McTatie was found on 24 July 1946 in a bayou in nearby Sunflower County. He was beaten to death for allegedly stealing a saddle. Six white men were charged in his lynching but quickly acquitted at trial.<ref name="charge">[http://depts.washington.edu/moves/CRC_genocide.shtml Susan Glenn, " 'We Charge Genocide': The 1951 Black Lives Matter Campaign"], ''Mapping American Social Movements through the 20th Century'', University of Washington website; retrieved 9 March 2018</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=NoMEb-QV2_8C&dq=1945+lynching+of+McTatie&pg=PA28 Jason Sokol, ''There Goes My Everything: White Southerners in the Age of Civil Rights, 1945-1975''], Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 2008, p. 28</ref>

Lexington was distinguished by two nationally known women: [[Arenia Mallory]], an African-American music teacher from Illinois, started teaching at the newly established [[Saints Academy (Mississippi)|Saints Academy]] in Lexington in 1926, which was affiliated with the [[Church of God in Christ]]. She led the school for more than 50 years, expanding its programs to grades 1–12, and establishing a junior college. She developed the school from the early 20th century as a model of academic excellence for African-American students. During her long tenure, she also founded an associated junior college. During the 1960s, she was appointed by President John F. Kennedy to national positions and committees in the federal government.

[[Hazel Brannon Smith]], a white woman from an upper-class family, was based in Lexington, where she owned and published several rural newspapers. She promoted integration and change in the region during the civil rights era, winning a [[Pulitzer Prize]] for her editorials in 1964, the year of [[Freedom Summer]] and the [[Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party]], organized by African Americans before the [[Voting Rights Act]] of 1965 was passed by Congress.

In September 2024, the Department of Justice concluded an investigation into the City of Lexington, and the Lexington Police Department. The investigation revealed a pattern of misconduct, including excessive force, discriminatory arrests, and a reliance on fines and fees that disproportionately burden Black residents and those struggling financially. These practices erode public trust and undermine the very principles of justice that law enforcement agencies are meant to uphold. The DOJ's findings led to a series of recommendations aimed at reforming the police department and improving its practices.<ref>https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/justice-department-finds-civil-rights-violations-city-lexington-mississippi-and-lexington</ref>