Editing Lexington, Illinois (section)

==History==

===Origin and original town design===
Lexington was laid out on 4 January 1836 by [[Asahel Gridley]] (1810–1881) and James Brown (c. 1802- ?). Gridley was a lawyer and banker from [[Bloomington, Illinois|Bloomington]] who would eventually become the richest man in [[McLean County, Illinois|McLean County]]; Brown was born in [[Lexington, Kentucky]], and Lexington, Illinois, seems to have been his only attempt at founding a town.<ref>''History of McLean County, Illinois'' (Chicago: William LeBaron, 1879). pp. 190-191.</ref> Its founding was part of a great real estate boom that swept across the nation. Within a few months of the founding of the town seven other new towns were laid out in McLean County: Concord (now [[Danvers, Illinois|Danvers]]), [[Hudson, Illinois|Hudson]], [[Le Roy, Illinois|Le Roy]], [[Livingston, Illinois|Livingston]], Lytleville, Mt. Hope and Wilksborough. In common with other towns founded during the 1836 boom, and unlike many later towns, Lexington was designed around a central public square with streets running true north–south and east–west.<ref>Sublett, Michael D., William D. Walters, Jr. and Sotherd Modry. ''Commentary on a Cornbelt Countryside'' (Bloomington: Illinois State University Department of Geography-Geology, 1973). pp. 105-107</ref> In the case of Lexington, the original town consisted of 36 blocks, each containing six lots. Like most of the towns of the 1836 era the town was built along the line that divided woodland from prairie; the southeast corner of the town was just within the limits of timber.<ref>''McLean County Combined Atlases, 1856-1914 (Bloomington: McLean County Historical Society and McLean County, Genealogical Society, 2006)'') iv-vi, 2-3, 113</ref> Like most [[Mackinaw River]] towns, Lexington was laid out on higher ground some distance from the river itself.

===First advertisement and sale of town lots===
Gridley and Brown first offered lots in the town for sale at a public auction on 30 April 1836 at 10:00 in the morning. They began their printed advertisement for the sale by telling readers that the town was on the main road from [[Springfield, Illinois|Springfield]], via [[Bloomington, Illinois|Bloomington]], to [[Chicago]] and that their new town was a mile from the [[Mackinaw River]]. They wrote that Lexington "is located on the margin of a fine rolling prairie, near a large and inexhaustible body of the best timber the country affords, sufficient to justify the immense settlement already being made." They told potential buyers that there were two saw mills and a fulling mill nearby. Moreover, they added, building had already begun. For those with good security, one twelve months credit was available.<ref>''Sangamo Journal'' (Springfield, Illinois) 16 April 1836, p.3.</ref>

===The pre-railroad era===
Between 1837 and 1854 the survival of Lexington was in doubt. The great land rush that peaked in 1836 gave way to a severe lengthy national depression. True to their word, Gridley and Brown had begun some construction. Their first structure was used as a store, but in less than a year the business had failed and the building was hauled away to Bloomington. The first house was briefly occupied, but it was soon moved to the rival town of [[Clarksville, Illinois|Clarksville]], which was located a few miles downstream. No one was certain exactly what route the Springfield-to-Chicago road would take. Clarksville tried to attract the road by building a bridge across the Mackinaw River and the 1840 town of [[Pleasant Hill, Illinois|Pleasant Hill]], which had been established just upstream from Lexington, was doing its best to attract traffic.<ref>''History of McLean County'', 1879, p. 489.</ref> The county began to demand taxes on the large number of unsold lots in the town; by the early 1850s over 300 Lexington lots were offered for sale to satisfy unpaid taxes.<ref>''Pantagraph'' (Bloomington, Illinois) 15 January 1851</ref> The town square was used for grazing cattle. Yet some continued to believe in the new town. Jacob Spawr (1802–1902) had moved into Lexington a year after the store had departed. He built a house of a type known as a double log pen, a dog trot, or sometimes two-pens-and-a-passage: essentially it was nothing more than two log cabins facing each other with a common roof. This building served as dwelling, post office and tavern. Because Lexington was halfway between the county seats of [[Pontiac, Illinois|Pontiac]] and Bloomington, Spawr's house provided a convenient stopping place: [[Abraham Lincoln]] and [[Stephen Douglas]] were frequent guests. In the [[1850 United States census]] Spawr's occupation is listed as "landlord". By 1854 it was estimated that there were only about a dozen families in Lexington.<ref>''History of McLean County'', 1879, p.490.</ref>

===The railroad comes to Lexington===
On 4 July 1854 the railroad, which would soon be known as the [[Alton Railroad|Chicago and Alton]], reached Lexington. Suddenly everything changed. A grain warehouse which had been built by Thomas Kincaid was hauled across the tracks, given a passenger platform, and put to use as a railroad station. Dawson and McCurdy built a [[grain elevator]]. Three denominations erected churches.<ref>''Lexington, Illinois, 150 years'' (Lexington: Sesquicentennial Committee, 2007) pp. 34-35.</ref> The town formed its own government; their first act was to buy up the stock of the two local whiskey sellers and pour the contents of the bottles into the mud of Main Street.<ref>Hasbrouck, Jacob, ''History of McLean County, Illinois'' (Topeka and Indianapolis: Historical Publishing Company, 1924). 2:108.</ref> The Mahan brothers built a downtown windmill.<ref>''Architectural Historical Tour: Lexington, Illinois'' (McLean County Arts Council, 1979). no page numbers.</ref>  A new hotel was built. Lexington boomed. By 1865 the first brick block had been erected.<ref>''History of McLean County'' (1879). pp. 34-35.</ref> On 21 November 1860, the train brought [[Abraham Lincoln]] to Lexington, where he spoke a few words of goodbye to his old friends; on 2 May 1865, just before noon, another train passed through Lexington, this one holding Lincoln's body.

===''People v. Chicago and Alton Railroad Company''===
The town of Lexington soon became the focus of a case that would change American legal history. Soon after railroads began servicing the [[Midwest]], it became evident that, if a railroad could unilaterally set its own freight rates, it could soon drain most of the wealth from nearby farmers. The result, in Illinois, was a new state constitution that in 1870 gave the government a role in setting railroad and warehouse rates; the wording and legal arguments behind this part of the new constitution was the work of Bloomington lawyer Ruben M. Benjamin (1833–1917). A test case was needed, and Benjamin settled on Lexington. The Chicago and Alton Railroad only charged four dollars and thirty five cents to ship {{convert|1000|board feet|m3|0}} of lumber from [[Chicago]] to Bloomington, but asked for five dollars to ship the same amount of lumber the shorter distance from Chicago to Lexington. In 1871 Benjamin brought suit against the railroad. The railroad responded that it was forced to charge less to ship lumber to Bloomington because there was more competition there than at Lexington. The case worked its way up to the [[United States Supreme Court]] where ''People v. The Chicago and Alton Railroad Company'' became part of the celebrated Granger Cases, named for the Granges of the [[Patrons of Husbandry]], a group that had argued for rate regulation. These cases, at least for a time, established the right of governments to regulate corporations.<ref>Solan Justice Buck. ''The Granger Movement'' (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1913). p.141.</ref>

===President Roosevelt comes to Lexington===
Of all the events in the history of Lexington, perhaps the best remembered was the day President [[Theodore Roosevelt]] came to town. By the afternoon of 15 July 1902, a crowd of twenty thousand people had gathered near the Chicago and Alton tracks. A long grandstand had been erected and covered in red, white and blue. The [[President of the United States|Chief Executive]] and hero of [[Battle of San Juan Hill|San Juan Hill]] shook hands with the reception committee, but declined to leave the train. Roosevelt gave a brief but rousing talk from the observation platform at the back of the train. The crowd roared its approval. It was the only time a sitting president had visited the town.<ref>''Lexington Illinois,'' 2007, p.31.</ref>

===Lexington and Route 66===
Transportation was always the key to the success of Lexington.  The city got its start as a rest stop on the Chicago Trail, which was part of the larger Pontiac Trail between [[Chicago]] and [[St. Louis]].  The very first mention of Lexington's name in the press in 1836 included mention of the town's location on the stagecoach road between [[Springfield, Illinois|Springfield]] and Chicago.  Lexington's success as a town was later assured when it became a railroad station between Springfield and Chicago.  During the twentieth century, rail traffic slowly declined and was replaced by road traffic.  By [[World War II]], only two trains a day stopped at Lexington, and all passenger traffic by rail ended in 1946.

In 1915, a paved road along the former stagecoach route, which almost exactly paralleled the Chicago and Alton Railroad rail line, reached Lexington.  This paved road was known as [[Illinois Route 4|State Bond Route 4]] or SBI 4, and it followed the Pontiac Trail between Chicago and St. Louis.  In November 1926, there was a general renumbering of state highways following the creation of the [[U.S. Route System]], and Route 4 became [[U.S. Route 66|Route 66]]. For the next 50 years, Lexington was a popular stopping point on this famous American road.  In 1955, U.S. Route 66 was locally widened to four lanes, as a partially divided highway with a grass median between the northbound and southbound lanes along much of its stretch.  U.S. Route 66 served the community until 1978, when [[Interstate 55]], which also closely paralleled the old highway, was opened to traffic and Route 66 was thereafter decertified.  However, near Lexington, much of the old highway may still be driven, as the 1955 roadbed of the southbound lanes was retained as a two-lane county road (the disused northbound lanes remain nearby).<ref>''Lexington, Illinois'', 2007, 35-37.</ref>