Editing Lewis–Clark State College (section)

== History ==
[[File:1904 with flag.jpg|left|thumb|Lewis State Normal School c. 1904]]
In 1893, Governor [[William J. McConnell]] signed an act on January&nbsp;27 authorizing the establishment of the '''Lewiston State Normal School''' in Lewiston,<ref>James H. Hawley, ''History of Idaho: The Gem of the Mountains'', The S. J. Clarke Publishing Company, Chicago (1920).</ref> "provided the mayor and common council of that city on or before May 1, 1893, donate ten acres, within the city limits and known as part of the city park, and authorizing the said mayor and council to convey to the trustees of said normal school the said tract of land," etc.

The first Trustees on the school's Board were [[James W. Reid (politician)|James W. Reid]] (who had done the most to shepherd the authorization bill through the [[Idaho Legislature]]), [[Norman B. Willey]] (who had just stepped down as Idaho governor), Benjamin Wilson (a previous gubernatorial candidate), J. Morris Howe, and C. W. Schaff. Reid was elected President of the Board,<ref name="Petersen">Keith C. Petersen, ''Educating in the American West: One Hundred Years at Lewis–Clark State College'', 1893–1993, © Lewis–Clark State College, Confluence Press, Lewiston, Idaho  (1993).</ref> a position he held until his death in 1902.

Lewiston residents lost no time in obtaining the required space for the school. However, the legislature acted slowly in providing construction funds, and then construction lagged. George E. Knepper<ref name="Petersen"/> had been hired as first President of the Normal School. Frustrated by the delays in getting his building, Knepper leased space in downtown Lewiston and opened for classes on January 6, 1896. The building itself was not ready until May.<ref name="Petersen"/> Over the next several years, more structures were added to the campus, including dormitories and a gymnasium.<ref name=gcgons>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=7ZVfAAAAIBAJ&sjid=LDEMAAAAIBAJ&pg=4966,1993498|newspaper=Lewiston Morning Tribune|title=Great celebration greeted opening of normal school|date=August 13, 1961|page=9-centennial}}</ref><ref name=lniptcoi>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=73hfAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ry8MAAAAIBAJ&pg=1543,2318786|newspaper=Lewiston Morning Tribune|title=Lewiston Normal is pioneer teacher college of Idaho|date=May 3, 1936|page=3-sec.3 }}</ref>

[[File:Lewis State Normal School, circa 1910 - Lewiston, Idaho (33086444765).jpg|thumb|left|Administration building, ca. 1910]]
In keeping with the [[normal school]] philosophy, Lewiston Normal focused on practical, hands-on training for new teachers. That meant the school provided a great deal of “manual training”—what is now called [[vocational education]]. Also, to insure that teachers truly knew how to handle a classroom, the school ran an on-campus training school. In it, real teachers taught real pupils, and student teachers also learned-by-doing under the supervision of experienced teacher-critics.

Until the 1920s, [[one-room school]]s served well over half of Idaho's primary students. In most, only the teacher knew anything at all about running a school. Thus, “teachers assumed responsibility for shaping a district's entire educational policy.”<ref name="Petersen"/>

The [[World War I|First World War]] certainly impacted the nation's normal schools, but not as much as it did conventional institutions. Generally, male students were in the majority at regular colleges, many of which experienced brutal enrollment losses. Normal schools attracted a predominantly female student body, so the declines were much smaller—about 15% at Lewiston Normal.

[[File:LC State Clock Tower.jpg|thumb|Reid Centennial Hall Clock Tower]]
The school experienced a painful crisis on December 5, 1917, when the Administration Building suffered severe damage in a fire,
<ref name=nsib1217>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=zM9eAAAAIBAJ&sjid=_jIMAAAAIBAJ&pg=4488%2C5397885|newspaper=Lewiston Morning Tribune|title=Normal school is burned|date=December 6, 1917|page=5}}</ref><ref name=alaefth>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=1c9eAAAAIBAJ&sjid=_jIMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2324,6370216|newspaper=Lewiston Morning Tribune|title=Adjust loss at $84,005|date=December 15, 1917|page=9}}</ref> later determined to be [[arson]] by a student.<ref name=gcgons/><ref name=lniptcoi/> Its [[cupola]] collapsed into the gutted interior of the main structure and the older east wing was totally destroyed. 

Lewiston Normal continued to grow, as the demand for pre-college teachers increased. However, by the late 1920s, the "normal school" idea was being supplanted by a "teachers college" approach. Such colleges still focused on teacher education, but now students could earn a [[bachelor's degree]]—more and more often required for certification. Recognizing this trend, school supporters began a campaign to change Lewiston Normal's status. They also began the process of upgrading the faculty—inciting much ill will.
Supporters also fought an ongoing battle just to keep the school open; some legislators still wanted to close the Normals to save money. The advent of [[World War II]] squelched that notion. Not only did the school continue to turn out desperately needed teachers, it also expanded its nurse-training program, and produced large numbers of fliers in its Navy Air School. In 1943, the Board of Education raised the school to full four-year status and became '''North Idaho Teachers College''' (NITC).<ref name=thfvcaa>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=cbJeAAAAIBAJ&sjid=wS8MAAAAIBAJ&pg=1488%2C3919632 |work=Lewiston Morning Tribune |title=35 CAA cadets reach Lewiston |date=September 4, 1943 |page=10}}</ref><ref name=chowmdp>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=uS1mAAAAIBAJ&sjid=zC8MAAAAIBAJ&pg=1459%2C4710527|work=Lewiston Morning Tribune |title=Church, Owens may do passing for Loggers |date=September 4, 1946 |page=8}}</ref> Now with the ability to grant a [[Bachelor of Education]] degree, school leaders took it upon themselves to use the name '''Northern Idaho College of Education''' (NICE), and the legislature approved the name change in 1947.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www2.westminster-mo.edu/wc_users/homepages/staff/brownr/IdahoCC.htm |title=Index of Colleges and Universities that have Closed, Merged, or Changed Names |work=College History Garden |access-date=2013-08-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150303113653/http://www2.westminster-mo.edu/wc_users/homepages/staff/brownr/IdahoCC.htm |archive-date=2015-03-03 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[File:Talkington Hall.jpg|left|thumb|Talkington Hall]]
The school got another temporary reprieve from the cost-cutters when a deluge of veterans funded by the [[G.I. Bill]] hit the campus after the war. However, that wave passed, and in 1951 budget hawks succeeded in closing the school, as well as its counterpart, the '''Southern Idaho College of Education''' (SICE), which had previously been called [[Albion State Normal School]], in [[Albion, Idaho|Albion]] in southern Idaho.<ref name=cctmeohe>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=9I9fAAAAIBAJ&sjid=0jAMAAAAIBAJ&pg=1432,3165569|newspaper=Lewiston Morning Tribune|title=College closure today marks end of historic era|date=August 10, 1951|page=10 }}</ref><ref name=afo2sfl>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=3-RXAAAAIBAJ&sjid=5_YDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2642%2C2476280 |newspaper=Spokane Daily Chronicle |title=Another fight on 2 schools found likely |date=October 9, 1956 |page=3 }}</ref> The state's other colleges had assured legislators that they could supply all the teachers needed. That promise proved disastrously wrong: In just three years, the state found itself issuing nearly 40% more provisional teaching certificates than it had in 1951.<ref name="Petersen"/>

Under that pressure, the legislature re-opened the school as '''Lewis-Clark Normal School''' in 1955<ref name=atlohpex>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=FbdeAAAAIBAJ&sjid=aTAMAAAAIBAJ&pg=1038,834464|newspaper=Lewiston Morning Tribune|title=At least 100 pupils expected at Lewis–Clark Normal School|date=August 10, 1955|page=5 }}</ref> as a two-year school under the administration of the [[University of Idaho]], {{convert|30|mi|round=5|spell=in}} north in [[Moscow, Idaho|Moscow]].<ref name=ncawtd>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ypspAAAAIBAJ&sjid=buYDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4878%2C665871 |newspaper=Spokesman-Review |title=Normal course action awaited|date=June 2, 1955 |page=7 }}</ref> The first dean of the school was appointed for the third year in 1957,<ref name=ftanflcn>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=fMReAAAAIBAJ&sjid=xjEMAAAAIBAJ&pg=1054,3536588|newspaper=Lewiston Morning Tribune|title=Full-time administrator named for Lewis–Clark Normal School|date=July 31, 1957|page=14}}</ref><ref name=isdin>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ctVYAAAAIBAJ&sjid=P-cDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3266,157149 |newspaper=Spokesman-Review|title=Idaho school dean is named|date=August 1, 1957|page=6}}</ref> and enrollment was 319 in the fall of 1961.<ref name=osteac>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=gLpeAAAAIBAJ&sjid=qTAMAAAAIBAJ&pg=4451,796701 |newspaper=Lewiston Morning Tribune |title=162 enroll at college |date=Feb 6, 1962 |page=9}}</ref> The arrangement with the university proved difficult and it ended abruptly in 1963 when the affiliation seemed like it might damage the university's academic accreditation.

The ongoing need for teachers, a developing shortage of nurses, and a new push for vocational education from the [[Federal government of the United States|federal government]] combined to rescue the school from oblivion. The state legislature voted to elevate it to four-year status in 1963 but did not approve funding until two years later.<ref name=lccg4yr>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=hI9YAAAAIBAJ&sjid=F_gDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5936,4761063 |newspaper=Spokesman-Review |title=Lewis-Clark college gets 4-year status |agency=Associated Press |date=March 19, 1965 |page=6}}</ref><ref name=clcfssil>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GK9eAAAAIBAJ&sjid=YC8MAAAAIBAJ&pg=5315,2931756 |newspaper=Lewiston Morning Tribune |last=Hall |first=Bill |title=Can Lewis-Clark find security and strength in legislature? |date=August 18, 1967 |page=2}}</ref> Enrollment of the now-independent, four-year school grew, from 465 in 1964 to 1,033 in the fall of 1968.<ref name=lccisfy>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=hI9YAAAAIBAJ&sjid=F_gDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5936,4761063 |newspaper=Spokane Daily Chronicle |last=Swank |first=Gladys Rae |title=Lewis-Clark college in 75th year |date=November 30, 1968 |page=5}}</ref> It continued to grow and in July 1971 the name was officially changed to '''Lewis-Clark State College''',<ref name=cncte>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=eoBfAAAAIBAJ&sjid=WTAMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5519,6396044 |newspaper=Lewiston Morning Tribune|title=College name change takes effect|date=June 30, 1971 |page=2}}</ref> and was the last normal school in the country to make the change.<ref name="Petersen"/>

In April 2025 the Idaho State Board of Education approved a request to rebrand the school as Lewis-Clark State University to better reflect the institution’s offerings, which extend beyond two-year degrees. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lutz |first=Marc |date=2025-04-18 |title=Lewis-Clark State College seeks university status |url=https://idahobusinessreview.com/2025/04/18/lewis-clark-state-college-university-name-change/ |access-date=2025-05-09 |language=en-US}}</ref>