Editing Leadership (section)

==Historical views==
[[File:Portrait of Niccolò Machiavelli by Santi di Tito.jpg|thumb| Florentine Secretary [[Niccolò Machiavelli]] detailed his ideas on rulership in ''[[The Prince]]'', which is a popular and controversial work on government rule.<ref>Giorgini, Giovanni (2013). "Five Hundred Years of Italian Scholarship on Machiavelli's Prince". ''Review of Politics''. 75 (4): 625–640.</ref>]]

The Chinese doctrine of the [[Mandate of Heaven]] postulated the need for rulers to govern justly, and the right of subordinates to overthrow [[emperor]]s who appeared to lack divine sanction.<ref>
{{cite book
 | last1 = Guo
 | first1 = Xuezhi
 | chapter = Traditional Political Thought and Imperial Legacy
 | title = The Politics of the Core Leader in China: Culture, Institution, Legitimacy, and Power
 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hm2MDwAAQBAJ
 | location = Cambridge
 | publisher = Cambridge University Press
 | date = 2019
 | page = 139
 | isbn = 9781108480499
 | access-date = 17 May 2019
 | quote = The Mandate of Heaven implies that the legitimacy of political leadership as well as its leading figures come from not only their political power derived from their positions and ''de facto'' dominance in the leadership but also their roles in bringing voluntary compliance from the high-ranking leaders and the population at large.
}}</ref>

Pro-[[aristocracy]] thinkers<ref>For example:
{{cite book
 | last1 = Gupta
 | first1 = Ashok Kumar
 | title = Emerging Pattern of Political Leadership: A Case Study of Punjab
 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=PJEXDF7XxzUC
 | location = New Delhi
 | publisher = Mittal Publications
 | date = 1991
 | page = 12
 | isbn = 9788170992561
 | access-date = 17 May 2019
 | quote = The main theme of [José Ortega y Gasset's] theory of elite is that 'when the masses in a country believe that they can do without aristocracy, the nation inevitably declines. In their disillusionment the masses again turn to the new leadership and a new aristocracy emerges.'
}}</ref>
have postulated that leadership depends on one's "blue blood" or [[gene]]s.<ref>
{{cite book
 | last1 = Marstiller
 | first1 = James K.
 | last2 = Joerding Fickeler
 | first2 = Jennifer
 | title = The Power to Innovate: Rewiring the Minds of Individuals and Organizations
 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=YUCzmu3_5vsC
 | location = Bloomington, Indiana
 | publisher = AuthorHouse
 | date = 2005
 | page = 169
 | isbn = 9781420835106
 | access-date = 17 May 2019
 | quote = Throughout the ages it was believed that leaders were born, that the ability to lead was somehow inherited through the blood. [...] In spite of many examples throughout history of blue-blood leadership ineptitude, birthright and competency became intertwined in the human psyche. This perception remained until the 20th century.
}}</ref>
[[Monarchy]] takes an extreme view of the same idea, and may prop up its assertions against the claims of mere aristocrats by invoking divine sanction (see the [[Divine Right of Kings|divine right of kings]]). On the other hand, more democratically inclined theorists have pointed to examples of [[meritocracy|meritocratic]] leaders, such as the [[Napoleon Bonaparte|Napoleonic]] marshals profiting from [[career]]s open to [[skill|talent]].<ref>{{Cite book |title= Transformation Of An Individual Family Community Nation And The World |last= Cano |first= Librado F. |publisher= Trafford Publishing |year= 2010 |isbn= 9781426947667 |page= 134 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=8D8sanxRQR8C}}</ref>

In the [[autocracy|autocratic]]/[[paternalism|paternalistic]] strain of thought, traditionalists recall the role of leadership of the Roman {{lang|la|[[pater familias]]}}. [[Feminism|Feminist]] thinking, on the other hand, may object to such models as [[patriarchy|patriarchal]] and posit against them "emotionally attuned, responsive, and consensual [[empathy|empathetic]] guidance, which is sometimes associated with [[matriarchy|matriarchies]]".<ref>{{multiref2
|1={{Cite book |title= Human Behaviour |last1= Singh |first1= Ravinder |first2= Ajita |last2= Rani |publisher= Notion Press |year= 2017 |isbn= 978-1-946983-31-2 | quote = ...emotionally attuned, responsive, and consensual empathetic guidance, which is sometimes associated with matriarchies, where the women rule. | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=GZKiDgAAQBAJ}}
|2={{cite book
 | last1 = Baym
 | first1 = Nina
 | author-link1 = Nina Baym
 | chapter = Nathaniel Hawthorne and His Mother: A Biographical Speculation
 | title = Feminism and American Literary History: Essays
 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=EnglvDhekpIC
 | series = Women's studies / American literature
 | location = New Brunswick, New Jersey
 | publisher = Rutgers University Press
 | year = 1992
 | page = 53
 | isbn = 9780813518558
 | access-date = 23 July 2020
 | quote = The image [...] is the Garden of Eden, the benign matriarchy.
}} }}</ref>

{{blockquote|Comparable to the Roman tradition, the views of [[Confucianism]] on 'right living' relate very much to the ideal of the (male) scholar-leader and his benevolent rule, buttressed by a tradition of filial piety.|P.K. Saxena<ref>{{Cite book |title= Principles of Management, A Modern Approach |last= Saxena |first= P.K. |publisher= Global India Publications PVT LTD |year= 2009 |isbn= 978-81-907941-5-2 |location= New Delhi |pages= 30 | quote = Comparable to the Roman tradition, the views of Confucianism on 'right living' relate very much to the ideal of the (male) scholar-leader and his benevolent rule, buttressed by a tradition of filial piety. | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=dudAB3uReq4C}}</ref>}}

{{blockquote|Leadership is a matter of intelligence, trustworthiness, humaneness, courage, and discipline... Reliance on intelligence alone results in rebelliousness. Exercise of humaneness alone results in weakness. Fixation on trust results in folly. Dependence on the strength of courage results in violence. Excessive discipline and sternness in command result in cruelty. When one has all five virtues together, each appropriate to its function, then one can be a leader.|Jia Lin, in commentary on [[Sun Tzu]], ''Art of War''<ref>{{cite book|title=The Art of War: Complete Texts and Commentaries|title-link=The Art of War|author=[[Sun Tzu]]|year=2003|translator-first=Thomas|translator-last=Cleary|publisher=Shambhala|isbn=9781590300541}}</ref>}}

Machiavelli's ''[[The Prince]]'', written in the early-16th century, provided a manual for rulers ("princes" or "tyrants" in Machiavelli's terminology) to gain and keep political [[Power (social and political)|power]].<ref>Rahe, P.A. (Ed.). (2005). ''Machiavelli's liberal republican legacy''. Cambridge University Press, p. 3 {{ISBN?}}</ref>

Prior to the 19th century, the concept of leadership had less relevance than today—society expected and obtained traditional deference and obedience to lords, kings, master-craftsmen, and slave-masters. The ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' traces the word "leadership" in English only as far back as 1821, when the term referred to the position or office of a designated leader.<ref>
{{oed | leadership}} - "1821 [...] Tierney has regularly resigned the Leadership of the Opposition."
</ref>
The abstract notion of "leadership" as embodying the qualities and behaviors associated with leaders and influencers developed only later during the 19th and 20th centuries - possibly traceable from 1870 onwards.<ref>
{{oed | leadership}} - "1870 [...] Nothing is wanted but military leadership and military means."
</ref>
Historically, [[industrialization]], opposition to the {{lang|fr|[[ancien regime]]}}, and the phasing out of chattel [[slavery]] meant that some newly developing [[organization]]s ([[nation-state]] [[republic]]s, commercial [[corporation]]s) evolved a need for a new paradigm with which to characterize elected politicians and job-granting employers—thus the development and theorizing of the idea of "leadership".<ref>
Note the relative changes in terminology in American English since 1800: {{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?year_end=2019&year_start=1800&corpus=28&content=leader%2Cmaster%2Cleadership&smoothing=3&direct_url=t1%3B%2Cleader%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2Cmaster%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2Cleadership%3B%2Cc0#t1%3B%2Cleader%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2Cmaster%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2Cleadership%3B%2Cc0|title=leader, master, leadership—1800–2019|website=Google Books Ngram Viewer}}</ref>
The functional relationship between leaders and followers may remain,<ref>
For example:
{{cite book
 | last1 = Wells
 | first1 = Carl
 | title = Is Slavery Christian?
 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=OHWJtzdeyeEC
 | year = 2012
 | page = 71
 | publisher = AuthorHouse
 | isbn = 9781477274958
 | access-date = 23 July 2020
 | quote = Any of a dozen factors can make the position of master, employer, or leader, very difficult and frustrating. How refreshing it must be for a slave master, or employer, or leader to run into a person who treats him with respect whether he's present or absent, who works diligently at all times, who need not be watched like a hawk, who is a self-started with a tongue well under control: the Christian slave or worker! What honor to Christ is brought by such a slave or worker! Such a person's Christianity is real.}}</ref>
but acceptable (perhaps euphemistic) terminology has changed.

Starting in the 19th century, the elaboration of [[anarchism|anarchist]] thought called the whole concept of leadership into question. One response to this denial of [[élitism]] came with [[Leninism]]—[[Lenin]] (1870–1924) demanded an élite group of disciplined [[professional revolutionaries|cadres]] to act as the [[vanguard party|vanguard]] of a socialist revolution, which was to bring into existence the [[dictatorship of the proletariat]].

Other historical views of leadership have addressed the seeming contrasts between secular and religious leadership. The doctrines of [[Caesaro-papism]] have recurred and had their detractors over several centuries. [[Christian]] thinking on leadership has often emphasized [[stewardship]] of divinely-provided resources—human and material—and their deployment in accordance with a [[Divine plan]]. Compare this with [[servant leadership]].<ref>{{cite book
|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=AfjUgMJlDK4C
|title= Servant Leadership: A Journey Into the Nature of Legitimate Power and Greatness
|publisher= Paulist Press|orig-year= 1977|isbn= 9780809105540
|location= Mahwah, New Jersey|year= 2002
|last1= Greenleaf|first1= Robert K.|author-link1= Robert K. Greenleaf
|access-date= 2014-07-21}}</ref>

For a more general view on leadership in [[politics]], compare the concept of the [[wikt:statesperson|statesperson]].