Editing Lancaster, Lancashire (section)

==History==
{{see also|History of Lancashire}}
===Toponymy===
Lancaster was recorded in the ''[[Domesday Book]]'' of 1086, as ''Loncastre'', where "Lon" refers to the [[River Lune]] and "castre" from the [[Old English]] ''cæster'' and [[Latin]] ''castrum'' for "fort" to the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] fort that stood on the site.<ref>Eilert Ekwall, 'The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Placenames' (1960), 4th edition, p. 285.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Lancaster |url=https://opendomesday.org/place/SD4861/lancaster/ |website=opendomesday.org |publisher=Domesday Book |access-date=28 July 2023}}</ref>

===Roman and Saxon eras===
[[File:Roman bath house, Lancaster 2.JPG|thumb|Roman bath house on Castle Hill]]
[[Lancaster Roman Fort|A Roman fort]] was built by the end of the 1st century CE on the hill where [[Lancaster Castle]] now stands, possibly as early as the 60s, based on Roman coin evidence.<ref>Shotter, p. 5.</ref><ref>I. A. Richmond: Excavations on the Site of the Roman Fort at Lancaster (1950) [https://www.hslc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/105-2-Richmond.pdf.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606073436/https://www.hslc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/105-2-Richmond.pdf|date=6 June 2021}}</ref> Coin evidence also suggests that the fort was not continuously inhabited in its early years.<ref>Shotter, p. 9.</ref> It was rebuilt in stone about 102.<ref>Shotter, p. 10.</ref> The fort name is known only in a shortened form; the only evidence is a Roman milestone found {{Convert|4|mi|km}} outside Lancaster, with an inscription ending L MP IIII, meaning "from L – 4 miles,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rivet |first1=A. L. F. |last2=Smith |first2=Colin |year=1979 |title=The Place-Names of Roman Britain |location=London |publisher=B. T. Batsford |page=382 |isbn=0713420774}}</ref> and that its name began with an L. The fort was perhaps named Calunium.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://vici.org/vici/12173/ |title=Map, etc. Retrieved 11 July 2020. |access-date=11 July 2020 |archive-date=13 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713062633/https://vici.org/vici/12173/ |url-status=live}}</ref>{{unreliable source?|reason=It's a wiki-site.|sure=yes|date=July 2020}}

Roman baths were found in 1812 and can be seen near the junction of Bridge Lane and Church Street. There was presumably a bath-house with the 4th-century fort. The Roman baths incorporated a reused inscription of the Gallic Emperor [[Postumus]], dating from 262 to 266. The 3rd-century fort was garrisoned by the ''ala Sebosiana'' and ''numerus Barcariorum Tigrisiensium''.<ref>Birley, CW- XXXIX, p. 222. {{full citation needed|date=October 2020}}</ref>

The ancient ''Wery Wall'' was identified in 1950 as the north wall of the 4th-century fort, which was a drastic remodelling of the 3rd-century one, while retaining the same orientation. The later fort is the only example in north-west Britain of a 4th-century type, with massive curtain-wall and projecting bastions typical of the ''Saxon Shore'' or Wales. Extension of the technique as far north as Lancaster shows that the coast between Cumberland and North Wales was not left defenceless after the west-coast attacks and the disaster in the [[Carausian Revolt]] of 296, which followed from those under [[Clodius Albinus|Albinus]] in 197.

The fort at its largest extent covered {{cvt|9|-|10|acres|0}}.<ref>Shotter, p. 14.</ref> Evidence suggests that it stayed in use until the end of [[Roman occupation of Britain]].<ref>Shotter, p. 27.</ref> Church Street and some of St Leonard's Gate probably mark the initial course of the Roman road up the valley to [[Over Burrow Roman Fort|the fort at Over Burrow]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ratledge |first=David |title=The Roman Road from Lancaster to Burrow (in Lonsdale) |url=http://www.romanroads.org/gazetteer/M705.htm |website=Roman Roads Research Association |access-date=26 March 2021 |archive-date=13 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113120849/http://www.romanroads.org/gazetteer/M705.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>

Little is known of Lancaster from the end of Roman rule to the early 5th century and the Norman Conquest of the late 11th century. Despite a lack of documentation for the period, it is thought that Lancaster remained inhabited. It lay on the fringes of the kingdoms of [[Mercia]] and [[Northumbria]] and over time may have passed from one to the other.<ref>{{harvnb |White |2001 |p=33}}</ref> Archaeological evidence suggests there was a monastery on or near the site of today's [[Lancaster Priory]] by the 700s or 800s. The Anglo-Saxon [[Runes|runic]] "Cynibald's cross" found at the Priory in 1807 is thought to date from the late 9th century. Lancaster was probably one of several abbeys founded under [[Wilfrid]].<ref>White, p. 34.</ref>

===Medieval===
[[File:Lancaster in 1728.jpg|thumb|Lancaster in 1728]]
After the [[Norman conquest of England]] in 1066, Lancaster fell under the control of [[William the Conqueror|William I]], as stated in the [[Domesday Book]] of 1086, which has the earliest known mention of Lancaster as such in any document. The founding Priory charter dated 1094 is the first known document specific to Lancaster.<ref name="White 57">White, p. 57.</ref> By this time William had passed Lancaster and its surroundings to [[Roger the Poitevin|Roger de Poitou]]. The document also suggests the monastery was refounded as a parish church some time before 1066.<ref name="White 57"/>

Lancaster became a [[Ancient borough|borough]] in 1193 under [[Richard I of England|King Richard I]]. Its first [[Municipal charter|charter]], dated 12 June 1193, was from [[John, King of England|John]], [[List of counts of Mortain|Count of Mortain]], who later became King of England.<ref>White, p. 35.</ref>
[[File:DV342 Lancaster from the south.png|thumb|Lancaster from the south in 1825]]
[[Lancaster Castle]], partly built in the 13th century and enlarged by [[Elizabeth I]], stands on the site of a [[Roman Empire|Roman]] [[garrison]]. During [[The Great Raid of 1322]], damage was done to the castle by [[Robert the Bruce]], though it resisted the attack and was restored and strengthened by [[John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster]], who added much of the Gateway Tower and a turret on the keep or Lungess Tower, which has been named "John o' Gaunt's Chair".<ref name=EB1911>{{EB1911 |wstitle=Lancaster |volume=16 |pages=148–149 |inline=1}}</ref> In 1322 the Scots burnt the town. It was rebuilt but removed from its position on the hill to the slope and foot. Again in 1389, after the [[Battle of Otterburn]], it was destroyed by the Scots.<ref name=EB1911/> Lancaster Castle is known as the site of the [[Pendle witch trials]] in 1612. It was said that the court based in the castle (the Lancaster [[Assizes]]) sentenced more people to be [[hanging|hanged]] than any other in the country outside [[London]], earning Lancaster the nickname, ''"the Hanging Town"''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.capitalpunishmentuk.org/lancast.html |title=Lancaster Castle |website=www.capitalpunishmentuk.org |access-date=24 July 2010 |archive-date=8 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408134330/http://www.capitalpunishmentuk.org/lancast.html |url-status=live}}</ref> It also figured prominently in the suppression of Catholicism during the Reformation – at least eleven Catholic priests were executed and a memorial to them as the [[Lancaster Martyrs]] stands by the city centre.

[[File:Lancaster from Lune Bank, Skerton.jpg|thumb|Lancaster in the 19th century]]
The traditional emblem of the [[House of Lancaster]] is the [[Red Rose of Lancaster]], similar to that of the [[House of York]] with a white rose. The names derive from emblems of the Royal Duchies of [[Duchy of Lancaster|Lancaster]] and [[Duke of York|York]] in the 15th century. This erupted into a [[civil war]] over rival claims to the throne during the [[Wars of the Roses]].

More recently the term ''"Wars of the Roses"'' has been applied to rivalry in sports between teams from [[Lancashire]] and [[Yorkshire]]. It is also applied to the annual [[Roses Tournament]] between Lancaster and York universities.<ref>Students celebrate...{{Cite web |url=http://www.thenationalstudent.co.uk/2010/05/04/students-celebrate-as-lancaster-triumphs-in-war-of-the-roses/ |title=STUDENTS CELEBRATE AS LANCASTER TRIUMPHS IN WAR OF THE ROSES &#124; the National Student |access-date=24 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100810202750/http://www.thenationalstudent.co.uk/2010/05/04/students-celebrate-as-lancaster-triumphs-in-war-of-the-roses/ |archive-date=10 August 2010}}</ref>

[[File:St. George's Quay.JPG|thumb|St George's Quay]]
Lancaster gained a first [[charter]] in 1193<ref name=timeline>{{Cite web |url=https://www.timetravel-britain.com/articles/towns/lanctime.shtml |title=Lancaster Timeline |website=www.timetravel-britain.com |access-date=25 October 2020 |archive-date=12 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712170222/https://www.timetravel-britain.com/articles/towns/lanctime.shtml |url-status=live}}</ref> as a [[market town]] and [[borough]], but had to await city status until 1937.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lancaster.gov.uk/council-and-democracy/civic-ceremonial/former-mayors-city-lancaster/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019171426/http://www.lancaster.gov.uk/council-and-democracy/civic-ceremonial/former-mayors-city-lancaster/ |url-status=dead |title=Former Mayors of the City of Lancaster |archive-date=19 October 2014}}</ref> 

===18th-century port===
Many of the city's central buildings, including those lining St George's Quay date from the 18th century, as the [[Port of Lancaster]] became one of the UK's busiest and the [[Lancaster slave trade]] was the fourth most important in the UK [[History of slavery|slave trade]].<ref name=EB1911/> Among prominent Lancaster slavers were [[Dodshon Foster]],<ref>{{Cite book |author=Andrew White |title=Lancaster: A History |publisher=Phillimore & Co. |year=2003}} p. 63.</ref> [[Thomas Hinde (senior)|Thomas Hinde]] and his namesake son.<ref name="Schofield">{{Cite journal |last1=Schofield |first1=M. M. |title=The Slave Trade from Lancashire and Cheshire ports outside Liverpool c 1750-1790 |journal=Transactions of the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire |date=1976 |volume=126 |pages=30–72 |url=https://www.hslc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/126-3-Schofield.pdf |access-date=12 May 2021 |archive-date=11 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511211213/https://www.hslc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/126-3-Schofield.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> The last slave ship to be constructed in Lancaster was the 267-tonne ''Trafalgar'', built in 1806 at Brockbank’s shipyard for Samuel Hinderland and William Hinde.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Last Slave Ship Built in Lancaster |url=https://lbsatucl.wordpress.com/2022/08/15/the-last-slave-ship-built-in-lancaster/ |website=Centre for the Study of the Legacies of British Slavery |access-date=19 July 2023 |language=en |date=15 August 2022}}</ref> Lancaster's role as a major port diminished as the river began to silt up<ref name=timeline/> and [[Morecambe]], [[Glasson Dock]] and [[Sunderland Point]] became preeminent for brief periods. [[Heysham Port]] has now eclipsed all others on the Lune.

===Recent history===
A permanent military presence was built up with the completion of [[Bowerham Barracks]] in 1880.<ref name=bbc>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/81/a8759181.shtml |title=Army: King's Own Royal Regiment, Lancaster – Regimental Depot |publisher=BBC |access-date=9 November 2014 |archive-date=25 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925063105/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/81/a8759181.shtml |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Phoenix Street drill hall, Lancaster|Phoenix Street drill hall]] was completed in 1894.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kingsownmuseum.com/kolib0104.htm |title=Records of the 1st/5th Battalion, King's Own Royal Lancaster Regiment |publisher=King's Own Royal Regiment Museum, Lancaster |access-date=5 July 2017 |archive-date=2 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102154125/http://www.kingsownmuseum.com/kolib0104.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>

Since the [[Industrial Revolution]], the city was home to many industries from the 18th century to the 20th century. The main industries in the city at the time were candle making, sailcloth making, rope making and shipbuilding.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lambert |first1=Tim |title=A History of Lancaster |url=https://localhistories.org/a-history-of-lancaster/#:~:text=Mahogany%20from%20Lancaster%20was%20transported,part%20of%20the%20century)%20shipbuilding. |website=Local Histories |access-date=19 July 2023 |date=2 May 2021}}</ref> Since the decline of the industrial revolution, Lancaster suffered from economic decline and high unemployment rates like many parts of the north of England.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lancashire and the Industrial Revolution |url=https://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/britain-1700-to-1900/industrial-revolution/lancashire-and-the-industrial-revolution/ |website=History Learning Site |access-date=19 July 2023}}</ref> The city underwent regeneration and is now a tourist destination.

Lancaster is mainly a service-oriented city. Products include [[compound feed|animal feed]], [[textiles]], [[Chemical industry|chemicals]], [[livestock]], [[paper]], [[synthetic fibre]], [[farm machinery]], [[heavy goods vehicle|HGV]] [[Trailer (vehicle)|trailers]] and [[mineral fibres]]. In recent years, a high-tech sector has emerged from [[information technology]] and [[telecommunications companies]] investing in the city.{{CN|date=July 2023}}

In March 2004, Lancaster was granted [[Fairtrade City]] status.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/merseyside/3533855.stm |work=BBC News |title=Cities win Fairtrade recognition |date=5 March 2004 |access-date=7 May 2010 |archive-date=21 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070221205506/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/merseyside/3533855.stm |url-status=live}}</ref>

Lancaster was home to the European headquarters of [[Reebok]]. After merging with [[Adidas]], Reebok moved to [[Bolton]] and [[Metropolitan Borough of Stockport|Stockport]] in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theboltonnews.co.uk/news/4066012.reebok-in-plan-to-quit-town/ |title=Reebok in plan to quit town |website=The Bolton News |date=22 January 2009 |access-date=25 October 2020 |archive-date=28 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028220129/https://www.theboltonnews.co.uk/news/4066012.reebok-in-plan-to-quit-town/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

In May 2015, [[Elizabeth II]] visited the castle for commemorations for the 750th anniversary of the creation of the [[Duchy of Lancaster]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lancastercastle.com/2015/05/29/her-majesty-the-queen-duke-of-lancaster-visits-lancaster-castle/ |title=Her Majesty the Queen Duke of Lancaster visits Lancaster Castle |date=29 May 2015 |website=Lancaster Castle |access-date=22 May 2020 |archive-date=11 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711084642/http://www.lancastercastle.com/2015/05/29/her-majesty-the-queen-duke-of-lancaster-visits-lancaster-castle/ |url-status=live}}</ref>