Editing Lanai (section)

==History==
Lāna{{okina}}i has been under the control of nearby [[Maui]] since before recorded history.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lanai Magazine - History, Lanai, Hawaii |url=http://lanaimagazine.com/history.html |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=lanaimagazine.com}}</ref> Its first inhabitants may have arrived as late as the 15th century.

The Hawaiian-language name {{lang|haw|Lāna{{okina}}i}} is of uncertain origin, but the island has historically been called {{lang|haw|Lāna{{okina}}i o Kauluā{{okina}}au}}, which can be rendered in English as "day of the conquest of Kauluā{{okina}}au". This epithet refers to a legend about a Mauian prince who was banished to Lāna{{okina}}i because of his wild pranks at his father's court in Lāhainā. The island was said to be haunted by Akua-ino, [[ghost]]s and [[goblin]]s that Kauluā{{okina}}au chased away, bringing peace and order to the island and regaining his father's favor as a consequence.

The first people to migrate here, most likely from Maui and Moloka{{okina}}i, probably established fishing villages along the coast at first, and then spread into the interior, where they raised [[taro]] in the fertile [[Basalt|volcanic]] [[soil]]. During most of this period, the [[Moi of Maui|Mō{{okina}}ī of Maui]] had control over Lāna{{okina}}i, but generally left its inhabitants alone. However, at some point, King [[Kamehameha I]] or [[Kalani{{okina}}ōpu{{okina}}u|Kalani{{okina}}ōpu{{okina}}u-a-Kaiamamao]] invaded and killed many of them. The population must have been mostly eradicated by 1792, because in that year [[Captain (Royal Navy)|Captain]] [[George Vancouver]] reported that he had ignored the island during his voyage because of its apparent lack of inhabitants or villages. Lāna{{okina}}i is said to have been Kamehameha's favorite fishing spot among Hawaii's main eight islands.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gohawaii.com/lanai/guidebook/heritage-sites-of-lanai|title=Heritage Sites of Lanai|access-date=18 September 2014}}</ref>

The history of sugar cultivation in Hawaii begins in Lāna{{okina}}i, when in 1802 a farmer from China, Wong Tse Chun, produced a small amount there. He used a crude stone mill that he had brought with him to crush the cane.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Glick |first1=Clarence E. |title=Sojourners and Settlers Chinese Migrants in Hawaii |date=1980 |publisher=University Press of Hawaii |isbn=0824807073 |page=2 |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10125/45047 |access-date=28 February 2024}}</ref>

In 1854 a group of members of the [[the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] were granted a lease in the [[ahupua{{okina}}a]] of Pālāwai. In 1862 [[Walter M. Gibson]] arrived on Lāna{{okina}}i to reorganize the settlement. A year later he bought the ahupua{{okina}}a of Pālāwai for $3000; he used money of the church but titled the land in his own name. When the members of the Church found this out they excommunicated him, but he was still able to retain ownership of the land.<ref name="lanaichc.org">[https://www.lanaichc.org/historic-summary.html ''Time line of key events in LĀNA‘I's history''] Lāna{{okina}}i Culture and Heritage Center. Retrieved 7 July 2017.archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610035204/https://www.lanaichc.org/historic-summary.html |archive-date=June 10,2017 |url-status=dead</ref> By the 1870s, Gibson, then the leader of the colony on the island, had acquired most of the island's land, which he used for ranching.<ref name="NYTM 2014/09/28"/>

By 1890, the population of Lāna{{okina}}i had been reduced to 200. In 1899, Gibson's daughter and son-in-law formed Maunalei Sugar Company, headquartered in Keomuku, on the windward (northeast) coast, downstream from Maunalei Valley. The company failed in 1901.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lanaichc.org/Maunalei_Keomoku_Kahalepalaoa/Maunalei_Keomoku_Kahalepalaoa.htm |title=Maunalei, Keomoku and the Kahalepalaoa Vicinity |publisher=Lāna{{okina}}i Culture & Heritage Center |access-date=2010-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605070451/http://www.lanaichc.org/Maunalei_Keomoku_Kahalepalaoa/Maunalei_Keomoku_Kahalepalaoa.htm |archive-date=2011-06-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref> However, between 1899 and 1901 nearly 800 laborers, mostly from Japan, had been contracted to work for the plantations. Many [[Native Hawaiians]] continued to live along the less arid windward coast, supporting themselves by [[ranching]] and [[fishing]].<ref name="Kaye">{{cite book |last = Kaye |first = Robin |title = Lanai Folks |publisher=[[University of Hawaii Press]] |year=1982 |location = Honolulu |pages = 16–17 |isbn = 978-0-8248-0623-1 }}</ref>

By 1907, approximately half of the island was owned by cattle rancher Charles Gay. Backed by sugar planter [[William G. Irwin]], Gay worked to acquire the remaining land. While the [[Hawaiian Organic Act]] would have made it illegal for the territorial government to sell such a large portion of land to Gay, a land exchange deal circumvented that law. Gay transferred several acres of land of what is now downtown Honolulu in exchange for the rest of the land on Lāna{{okina}}i. The transfer was completed on April 10, 1907 and Gay mortgaged the land the very same day to Irwin for $200,000. By 1909, Gay had defaulted on the mortgage and officially conveyed the land to Irwin for a [[Presumption|rebuttable presumption]] of consideration of $1. From this conveyance comes the common myth that the land was bought for a mere $1, when the true cost of the land included the $200,000 mortgage.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Subiono|first1=Russell|last2=Harriman-Pote|first2=Savannah|last3=Tom|first3=Emily|last4=Rados|first4=Krista|date=July 21, 2023|title=An island sold for a dollar? How Lāna{{okina}}i came under private ownership for the first time|url=https://www.hawaiipublicradio.org/local-news/2023-07-21/how-lanai-came-under-private-ownership-for-the-first-time|work=Hawaii Public Radio|access-date=October 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230728113750/https://www.hawaiipublicradio.org/local-news/2023-07-21/how-lanai-came-under-private-ownership-for-the-first-time|archive-date=July 28, 2023}}</ref>

In 1921, Charles Gay planted the first pineapple plant on Lāna{{okina}}i. The population had decreased again - to 150 - most of whom were the descendants of the traditional families of the island.<ref>[https://www.lanaichc.org/historic-summary.html ''Time line of key events in Lanai's history''] Lāna{{okina}}i Culture and Heritage Center. Retrieved 7 July 2017.</ref> A year later, [[James Dole]], the president of Hawaiian Pineapple Company (later renamed [[Dole Food Company]]), bought the island and developed a large portion of it into the world's largest pineapple plantation.

Upon [[Hawaii statehood]] in 1959, Lāna{{okina}}i became part of the [[Maui County, Hawaii|Maui County]].

In 1985, Lāna{{okina}}i passed into the control of [[David H. Murdock]] as a result of his purchase of [[Castle & Cooke]], which was then the owner of Dole. High labor and land costs led to a decline in Hawaii pineapple production in the 1980s, and Dole phased out its pineapple operations on Lāna{{okina}}i in 1992.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-10-04-me-553-story.html|title='Pineapple Island' Residents See Way of Life Vanishing : Development: Farming is being phased out on Lāna{{okina}}i and resorts are the new economic base. Many islanders prefer the old lifestyle.|last=Dipietro|first=Ben|website=Los Angeles Times|date=4 October 1992|language=en|access-date=2020-12-15}}</ref>

In June 2012, [[Larry Ellison]], then [[CEO]] of [[Oracle Corporation]], purchased Castle & Cooke's 98 percent share of the island for $300 million. The state and individual homeowners own the remaining 2 percent, which includes the harbor and the private homes where the 3,000 inhabitants live.<ref>Shimogawa, Duane. [http://www.bizjournals.com/pacific/blog/2016/01/pbn-confirms-amount-billionaire-larry-ellison-paid.html "PBN confirms amount billionaire Larry Ellison paid for Hawaiian Island of Lanai"] ''Pacific Business News'', January 8, 2016</ref> Ellison stated his intention to invest as much as $500 million to improve the island's infrastructure and create an environmentally friendly agricultural industry.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bort |first1=Julie |title=Billionaire Larry Ellison Has A Brilliant Plan To Make Green Energy Affordable With His Hawaiian Island |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/larry-ellisons-island-models-green-energy-2014-2 |access-date=28 December 2018 |website=Business Insider}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://usnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/10/05/14242774-lanai-to-become-eco-lab-that-runs-on-solar-billionaire-ellison-promises | title=Lāna{{okina}}i to become eco-lab that runs on solar, billionaire Ellison promises | date=October 5, 2012 | access-date=October 5, 2012 | publisher=NBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Cooper|first=Jeanne|work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]|title=Lanai says aloha to good times again|date=February 8, 2013|access-date=February 9, 2013|url=http://www.sfgate.com/travel/article/Lanai-says-aloha-to-good-times-again-4264102.php}}</ref> Ellison had spent an estimated $450 million to remodel his [[Four Seasons Resort Lanai]], which reopened in April 2016. He would also remodel his other resort in 2020 and has explained plans for further green energy projects by buying out diesel-powered utility assets, though he has since ended this plan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2016-04-13/four-seasons-manele-bay-lanai-hawaii|work=[[Bloomberg News]]|first= Charles |last=Runnette
|title=Larry Ellison's Private Eden Is Open for Business|date= April 13, 2016|access-date=1 December 2017|via=www.bloomberg.com}}</ref><ref name="BI2018-3">{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/larry-ellison-new-wellness-company-food-hawaiian-island-2018-3|title=Billionaire Larry Ellison is teaming up with Steve Jobs' former doctor to launch a mysterious wellness company on his private island|last1=Brodwin|first1=Erin|website=Business Insider|access-date=28 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/pacific/news/2020/05/01/pulama-lanai-ends-talks-about-acquiring-hawaiian.html|title=Pulama Lanai ends talks about acquiring Hawaiian Electric Lanai utility}}</ref>