Editing Labrador duck (section)

==Taxonomy==
[[File:Camptorhynchus labradoriusSmithMiscCollecV135N7P0304AA.jpg|upright|thumb|Diagram of the male]]

The Labrador duck was also known as the pied duck and skunk duck, the former being a vernacular name that it shared with the [[surf scoter]] and the [[common goldeneye]] (and even the [[American oystercatcher]]), a fact that has led to difficulties in interpreting old records of these species. Both names refer to the male's striking white/black piebald colouration. Yet another common name was sand shoal duck, referring to its habit of feeding in shallow water. 

The Labrador duck is considered a sea duck. A basic difference in the shape of the process of [[metacarpal]] I divides the sea ducks into two groups:
#''[[Goldeneye (duck)|Bucephala]]'' and the [[merganser]]s
#The [[eider]]s, [[scoter]]s, ''[[Histrionicus]]'', ''[[Clangula]]'', and ''Camptorhynchus''
The position of the nutrient foramen of the [[tarsometatarsus]] also separates the two groups of sea ducks. In the first group, the foramen is lateral to the long axis of the lateral groove of the hypotarsus; in the second, the foramen is on or medial to the axis of that groove.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Zusi|first1=Richard|title=The Appendicular Myology of the Labrador Duck (Camptorhynchus labradorius)|issue=4|pages=407–418|jstor=1367191|journal=The Condor|volume=80|year=1978|doi=10.2307/1367191}}</ref>

The closest [[evolution]]ary relatives of the Labrador duck were thought to be the scoters (''Melanitta'').<ref>{{cite journal|author=Livezey, Bradley C. |year=1995|title=Phylogeny and Evolutionary Ecology of Modern Seaducks (Anatidae: Mergini)|journal=[[Condor (journal)|Condor]] |volume=97|issue=1|pages=233–255|url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/condor/v097n01/p0233-p0255.pdf|doi=10.2307/1368999|jstor=1368999}}</ref> However a mitogenomic study of the placement of the Labrador duck found the species to be closely related to the [[Steller's eider]] as shown below.<ref>{{Cite journal|author1=Janet C. Buckner |author2=Ryan Ellingson |author3=David A. Gold |author4=Terry L. Jones |author5=David K. Jacobs |year=2018 |title=Mitogenomics supports an unexpected taxonomic relationship for the extinct diving duck ''Chendytes lawi'' and definitively places the extinct Labrador Duck |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume= 122|pages= 102–109|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2017.12.008 |pmid=29247849 |bibcode=2018MolPE.122..102B |url=https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/ssci_fac/99 }}</ref>
{{clade| style=font-size:100%; line-height:100%;
|label1=[[Mergini]]
|1={{Clade
   |1={{Clade
   |label1=
   |1={{Clade
      |1=''[[Long-tailed duck|Clangula hyemalis]]''
      |2={{Clade
         |1=''[[Harlequin duck|Histrionicus histrionicus]]''
         |2={{Clade
            |1={{Clade
            |label1=
            |1={{Clade
               |1=''[[Steller's eider|Polysticta stelleri]]''
               |2=†''Camptorhynchus labradorius'' }} }}
            |2={{Clade
               |1=''[[Spectacled eider|Somateria fischeri]]''
               |2={{Clade
                  |1=''[[Common eider|Somateria mollissima]]''
                  |2=''[[King eider|Somateria spectabilis]]'' }} }} }} }} }} }}
            |2={{Clade
               |1={{Clade
               |label1=
               |1={{Clade
                  |1=''[[Common scoter|Melanitta nigra]]''
                  |2={{Clade
                     |1=''[[White-winged scoter|Melanitta deglandi]]''
                     |2=''[[Surf scoter|Melanitta perspicillata]]''}} }} }}            
               |label2=
               |2={{Clade
                  |1={{Clade
                  |label1=
                  |1={{Clade
                     |1=''[[Bufflehead|Bucephala albeola]]''
                     |2={{Clade
                        |1=''[[Common goldeneye|Bucephala clangula]]''
                        |2=''[[Barrow's goldeneye|Bucephala islandica]]''}} }} }} 
                  |2={{Clade
                  |label2=
                  |1={{Clade
                     |1=''[[Smew|Mergellus albellus]]''
                     |2={{Clade
                        |1=''[[Red-breasted merganser|Mergus serrator]]''
                        |2=''[[Hooded merganser|Lophodytes cucullatus]]''
                        |3={{Clade 
                           |1=''[[Common merganser|Mergus merganser]]''
                           |2={{Clade 
                              |1=''[[Brazilian merganser|Mergus octosetaceus]]''
                              |2=''[[Scaly-sided merganser|Mergus squamatus]]'' }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}