Editing Laboratory (section)

==Overview==
The organisation and contents of laboratories are determined by the differing requirements of the specialists working within. A [[physics]] laboratory might contain a [[particle accelerator]] or [[vacuum chamber]], while a [[metallurgy]] laboratory could have apparatus for [[Casting (metalworking)|casting]] or [[refining]] metals or for testing their [[strength of materials|strength]]. A [[chemist]] or [[biologist]] might use a [[wet laboratory]], while a [[psychology|psychologist's]] laboratory might be a room with one-way mirrors and hidden cameras in which to observe behavior. In some laboratories, such as those commonly used by [[computer scientist]]s, [[computer]]s (sometimes [[supercomputer]]s) are used for either [[computer simulation|simulations]] or the [[data analysis|analysis]] of [[data]]. Scientists in other fields will still use other types of laboratories. [[Engineers]] use laboratories as well to design, build, and test technological devices.

Scientific laboratories can be found as research room and [[learning space]]s in [[school]]s and [[university|universities]], [[Private industry|industry]], [[government]], or [[military]] facilities, and even aboard [[ship]]s and [[spacecraft]]. 

[[File:GIRLS' COUMTY SCHOOL LAB.jpg|thumb|Laboratory, Brecon County School for Girls]]

Despite the underlying notion of the lab as a confined space for experts,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Latour|first1=Bruno|title=Science in action: How to follow scientists and engineers through society|publisher=Cambridge: Harvard University Press|date=1987}}</ref> the term "laboratory" is also increasingly applied to workshop spaces such as [[Living lab|Living Labs]], [[Fab lab|Fab Labs]], or [[Hackerspace]]s, in which people meet to work on societal problems or make [[prototype]]s, working collaboratively or sharing resources.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Flaherty|first1=Joe|title=Ford + TechShop: Getting Employees to Tinker|url=https://www.wired.com/2012/05/ford-techshop/|magazine=Wired|date=May 14, 2012|access-date=October 5, 2017|archive-date=June 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612150707/https://www.wired.com/2012/05/ford-techshop/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Burress|first1=Charles|title=A Tinkerer's Paradise in Berkeley / Young, old inventors are offered tools, techniques and inspiration|url=http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/A-Tinkerer-s-Paradise-in-Berkeley-Young-old-2788368.php|work=SF Chronicle|date=December 22, 1997|access-date=October 5, 2017|archive-date=October 6, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006013039/http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/A-Tinkerer-s-Paradise-in-Berkeley-Young-old-2788368.php|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Carlson|first1=Adam|title=Top 8 Tools for Building a Personal Prototyping Laboratory|url=https://www.eetimes.com/author.asp?doc_id=1319407|work=EE Times|date=September 5, 2013|access-date=October 5, 2017|archive-date=October 6, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006011955/https://www.eetimes.com/author.asp?doc_id=1319407|url-status=live}}</ref> This development is inspired by new, [[Participatory science|participatory approaches]] to science and innovation and relies on user-centred design methods<ref>ISO 13407:(1999), titled Human-centred design processes for interactive systems, is an ISO Standard providing Guidance on human-centred design activities throughout the life cycle of interactive computer-based systems.</ref> and concepts like [[Open innovation]] or [[User innovation]],.<ref>Von Hippel, E. (1986). Lead users: a source of novel product concepts. Management Science 32, 791–805.</ref><ref>Chesbrough, H.W. (2003). Open Innovation: The new imperative for creating and profiting from technology. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.</ref> One distinctive feature of work in Open Labs is the phenomenon of [[Translational research|translation]], driven by the different backgrounds and levels of expertise of the people involved.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Fritzsche|first1=A|title=Corporate Foresight in Open Laboratories - A Translational Approach|journal=Technology Analysis & Strategic Management|volume=30|issue=6|pages=646–657| date=2018 | doi=10.1080/09537325.2017.1380180|s2cid=46887116}}</ref>