Editing Kyösti Kallio (section)

==Biography==
===Early life===
Kyösti Kallio, originally ''Gustaf Kalliokangas'' ({{small|forename}} {{IPA|sv-FI|ˈɡʉstɑːf}}, {{small|surname}} {{IPA|fi|ˈkɑlːioˌkɑŋːɑs}}), was born in [[Ylivieska]], [[Grand Duchy of Finland]], which was an autonomous region of the [[Russian Empire]] at the time. His father Mikko Kalliokangas was a farmer and prominent local politician. Young Kyösti's life also included his father's unmarried and childless cousin, Anttuuna Kangas, or aunt Anttuuna, who arranged for the boy to go to [[Raahe]]'s junior high school in 1886.<ref name="kuusi">{{cite book|author=Matti Kuusi|title=Suomen tasavallan presidentit|pages=96–97|location=Porvoo|publisher=WSOY|year=1965|language=fi}}</ref> After that, he was educated in [[Oulu]] where he became acquainted with [[Santeri Alkio]], author and future ideologue of the [[Centre Party (Finland)|Agrarian League]].<ref name="biografia"/>

===Start of career===
Kallio entered politics during the first [[Russification of Finland|Russification campaign of Finland]] as a member of the [[Young Finnish Party]]. He served in the [[Diet of Finland]] from 1904 to 1906 as a member of the Estate of the Peasantry.<ref>{{cite book| author=Viljo Hytönen| year= 1926 | title= Talonpoikaissäädyn historia. II Osa: Säädyn jäsenet, sihteerit ja tulkit| publisher= [[Otava (publisher)|Otava]]| location=Helsinki |pages=111–113|language=fi}}</ref> He joined the newly founded Agrarian League in 1906 and became one of its most prominent leaders.

===Finland gains independence===
After the [[February Revolution]] of 1917 dethroned [[Tsar Nicholas II]], the Russian provisional government tasked Vice Admiral [[Adrian Nepenin]] with overseeing the change of government in Finland. Nepenin started by inviting a handful of Finnish politicians to discuss the situation on March 17. Kallio represented the Agrarian League; and when the Finnish politicians the next day sent a delegation to [[Saint Petersburg]] to negotiate a cessation to the Russification campaign, Kallio was again a member. The delegation was successful, and Finland was permitted to assemble a fully parliamentary Senate. Kallio came to serve as Agrarian minister in the Senate of [[Oskari Tokoi]], which took office March 26. Most of his time was spent trying to mediate the agrarian strikes and finding foodstuffs for the country, while the [[First World War]] raised the prices in Europe.

After the Tsar had been dethroned, the Finnish Parliament had to decide whether the highest authority in the country had passed on to the Russian Provisional Government, the Finnish Parliament, or the Finnish Senate. The question led to serious strife between the right-wing and left-wing elements of the Parliament. Kallio initially supported the socialists in demanding that power transfer to the Parliament, but disapproved of their cooperation with Russian [[Bolsheviks]] and [[Mensheviks]]; and Kallio ultimately voted against the bill they had drafted. Nonetheless, the socialist proposal passed, which the Russian Provisional Government saw as an affront to their power; and [[Alexander Kerensky]] consequently dissolved the Finnish Parliament on September 8. Kallio and the Socialist senators resigned from the senate, which continued to operate under the leadership of [[E. N. Setälä]].

After the [[October Revolution]], the Finnish bourgeoisie were willing to compromise and give parliament the highest authority fearing Bolshevik rule would spread to Finland. Setälä's Senate resigned immediately after the question was settled. Kallio was again named Agrarian Minister in the Senate of [[P. E. Svinhufvud]] whose first priority was to declare Finland independent. On December 4 the Senate introduced a declaration of independence to the Parliament; and the next day Kallio wrote a resolution, which the Parliament passed with votes 100–88.

===Civil war===
During the [[Civil War in Finland]], Kallio hid in red-dominated Helsinki, because he was at least nominally on the [[White Guard (Finland)|white side]] and therefore a "class enemy"; he formed a new senate (government) in Helsinki after German troops had defeated the [[Red Guards (Finland)|reds]] in the city. Afterwards he became a moderate peace-maker and disapproved of retaliation against the reds. In his reconciliation speech in [[Nivala]], Kallio said the following:{{quote|We have to create a Finland where there are no reds or whites, but only Finns who love their country, citizens of the Republic of Finland, who all feel like members of society and enjoy themselves here.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kyostikallio.fi/|title=Kyösti Kallio|website=kyostikallio.fi|access-date=2 September 2023|language=fi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://yle.fi/a/3-10189191|title=Nivalassa juhlitaan Kyösti Kallion sovintopuhetta sata vuotta sitten – Katso presidentti Niinistön ja pääministeri Sipilän puheet, suora lähetys klo 13.15 alkaen|first=Kristiina|last=Tolkki|work=[[Yle]]|date=5 May 2018|access-date=2 September 2023|language=fi}}</ref>}}

===Formation of the republic===
During the debates over the form of the new state in 1918, Kallio resigned from the senate because he supported a [[republic]] instead of [[constitutional monarchy]]. Eventually, the [[monarchism|monarchist]] stand lost, and he returned to the Cabinet to become [[prime minister]]. He was a reformist who emphasized education, settlement, and land reform. His greatest achievement was "[[Lex Kallio]]" in 1922, legislation allowing the state to buy land to encourage new settlements, and to let the former tenant farmers and other landless rural people buy small farms (see, for example, Seppo Zetterberg et al., ed., "Suomen historian pikkujättiläinen").

===Supported prohibition===
He supported [[prohibition in Finland]], and was dismayed when it was repealed in 1932.

===Non-violent anti-communist===
Kallio was an [[anti-communism|anti-communist]], suppressing the [[Communist Party of Finland]] (SKP) in 1923. However, he resorted to legislative methods. When the violent [[right-wing politics|right-wing]] [[Lapua Movement]] asked him to become their leader, he refused and was then instead subjected to their death threats.

===President===
Kallio was elected president with the votes of a centrist (Agrarian and Progressive) and social democratic coalition, which wanted to ensure that [[Pehr Evind Svinhufvud|President Svinhufvud]] would not be re-elected. Kallio took the role of a [[Parliamentarism|parliamentarian president]] and avoided use of his personal power.

On the eve of the [[Winter War]], when [[Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim|Marshal Mannerheim]] once again threatened to resign from his post as chairman of Finland's Defence Council due to a schism with the cabinet, Kallio convinced him to stay. During the war Kallio resisted the idea of giving up any territory to the [[Soviet Union]], but was forced to agree to sign the [[Moscow Peace Treaty (1940)|Moscow Peace Treaty]] in 1940. His health began to fail &ndash; and his right arm was paralyzed &ndash; He was not active in the dealings with Germany leading to the [[Continuation War]]. On 27 August Kallio suffered a serious stroke.<ref>Sakari Virkkunen, Suomen presidentit II: Kallio - Ryti - Mannerheim ("Finnish Presidents II: Kallio - Ryti - Mannerheim"), Helsinki: Otava Publishing Ltd., 1994</ref> Prime Minister [[Risto Ryti]] took over his duties. Kallio's heart became weak while he knowingly took risks by agreeing to the formal farewell ceremonies.<ref name="auto">Virkkunen, "The Finnish Presidents II"</ref><ref>Kari Hokkanen, "A Biography of Kyösti Kallio, II: 1930-1940" 1930-1940, Helsinki 1986</ref>

===Resignation and death===
[[File:Hugo Sundström - Kallio with Mannerheim.jpg|thumb|right|Kallio (centre, at the front) together with Mannerheim (left of Kallio) at the [[Helsinki railway station]] on December 19, 1940. Kallio had a fatal heart attack a few seconds after this photograph was taken by Hugo Sundström.]]
Kallio left a notice of resignation on 27 November 1940. He was planning to leave the capital and retire to his farm at [[Nivala]] after the farewell ceremonies on the evening of 19 December 1940; but he collapsed and died that night at the [[Helsinki Central Railway Station]] in the arms of his adjutant before a guard of honour while a band played the patriotic Finnish march [[Porilaisten marssi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://yle.fi/aihe/artikkeli/2006/09/08/kyosti-kallio-kuolee-presidentiksi-risto-ryti|title=Kyösti Kallio kuolee, presidentiksi Risto Ryti|first=Reijo|last=Perälä|work=Elävä arkisto|publisher=[[Yle]]|date=September 8, 2006|access-date=December 27, 2021|language=fi}}</ref><ref>Aladár Paasonen (1974). Marsalkan tiedustelupäällikkönä ja hallituksen asiamiehenä (Marshall's chief of intelligence and Government's official. In Finnish). Weilin, Göös, Helsinki</ref><ref name="biografia">{{cite web| url= http://www.kansallisbiografia.fi/english/?id=629 | title= Kallio, Kyösti (1873 - 1940) President of Finland | author= Kari Hokkanen | publisher=Biografiakeskus, Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura | access-date= 2013-01-10}}</ref> One story tells that Kallio died in the arms of [[Gustaf Mannerheim|Marshal Mannerheim]],<ref>[https://www.hs.fi/kotimaa/art-2000003934934.html HS: Presidentti Kyösti Kallion salonkivaunu jäi Helsingin rautatieasemalle] (in Finnish)</ref> but this is most likely part of the construction of Mannerheim's personal cult. In reality, Kallio died in the arms of his adjutant [[Aladár Paasonen]]<ref>Turtola, Martti: ''Mannerheimin ristiriitainen upseeri: eversti Aladár Paasosen elämä ja toiminta'', [[Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö|WSOY]] 2012, p. 130. {{ISBN|978-951-0-36944-9}}</ref> and colonel [[A. F. Airo]]{{cn|date=July 2024}}.