Editing Koxinga (section)

==Biography==
===Early years===
Zheng Chenggong was born in 1624 in [[Hirado]], [[Hizen Province]], Japan, to [[Zheng Zhilong]],<ref>{{cite book|title=The China Review, Or, Notes and Queries on the Far East|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yBZBAQAAMAAJ&q=father+Koxinga%27s+victory+was+regarded+as+a+second+Japanese+conquest+of+the+Dutch.%22&pg=PA346|year=1884|publisher="China Mail" Office|pages=346–}}</ref> a [[Han Chinese]] merchant from [[Fujian]], [[Ming dynasty]] [[China]]<ref>{{cite book |title=THe Orient |year=1950|publisher=Orient Publishing Company |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6uhFAAAAMAAJ&q=father+Koxinga%27s+victory+was+regarded+as+a+second+Japanese+conquest+of+the+Dutch.%22 |page=20}}</ref> and a local [[Japanese people|Japanese]] woman<ref>{{cite book |author1=Marius B. Jansen |title=China in the Tokugawa World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=11dbNDpaxOAC&q=koxinga |year=1992 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-11753-2 |page=26}}</ref> known only by her surname "Tagawa",<ref>{{harvp|Croizier|1977|p=11}}; {{harvp|Keene|1950|p=45}}.</ref> probably [[Tagawa Matsu]].{{sfnp|Andrade|2005|loc=§&nbsp;7}} He was raised there until the age of seven with the Japanese name '''Fukumatsu''' (福松)<ref name=hirado-net>{{cite web|title=1.鄭成功の足跡と鄭成功が結ぶ友好国 |url=http://www.hirado-net.com/teiseikou/about.php |publisher=Tei-Sei-Kou Memorial Museum|access-date=24 October 2015|language=ja|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150829070556/http://www.hirado-net.com/teiseikou/about.php |archive-date=29 August 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Shiba2007">{{cite book |author=Ryōtarō Shiba|title=The Tatar Whirlwind: A Novel of Seventeenth-century East Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zJ0PAAAAYAAJ&q=tagawa+hirado|year=2007|publisher=Floating World Editions|isbn=978-1-891640-46-9 |pages=426}}</ref> and then moved back to his ancestrial Fujian province.{{sfn|Andrade|2005}}

In 1638, Zheng became a ''[[Xiucai]]'' ({{lang|zh-hant|秀才}}, lit. "successful candidate") in the [[imperial examination]] and became one of the twelve ''Linshansheng'' ({{lang|zh-hant|廩膳生}}) of [[Nan'an, Fujian|Nan'an]]. In 1641, he married the niece of Dong Yangxian, an official who was a ''[[Jinshi]]'' from [[Hui'an County|Hui'an]]. In 1644, he studied at the ''[[Guozijian]]'' (Imperial University), where he met and became a student of the famous scholar [[Qian Qianyi]], one of the [[Three Masters of Jiangdong]].{{sfnp|Croizier|1977|p=12}}<ref>Carioti, "The Zhengs' Maritime Power in the International Context of the 17th Century Far East Seas: The Rise of a 'Centralised Piratical Organisation' and Its Gradual Development into an Informal 'State'", p. 41, n. 29.</ref>

===Under the Longwu Emperor===
Following the fall of [[Ming Dynasty]] in 1644, in 1645, the Prince of Tang was installed on the throne of the [[Southern Ming]] as the [[Longwu Emperor]] with support from [[Zheng Zhilong]] and his family.{{sfnp|Mote|Twitchett|1988|p=658–660}} The Longwu Emperor established his court in [[Fuzhou]], which was controlled by the Zhengs. In the later part of the year, [[Zhu Yihai, Prince of Lu|Prince Lu]] proclaimed himself regent ({{lang|zh-hant|監國}})<!-- please change if you've a more accurate translation for ''Jianguo'' --> in [[Shaoxing]] and established his own court there. Although Prince Lu and Longwu's regimes stemmed from the same dynasty, each pursued different goals.

Owing to the natural defenses of Fujian and the military resources of the [[Ming Dynasty Zheng family|Zheng family]], the emperor was able to remain safe for some time.{{sfnp|Struve|1984|pp=87-88}} The Longwu Emperor granted Zheng Zhilong's son, Zheng Sen, a new given name, ''Chenggong'' ({{zh|c=成功|p=Chénggōng|poj=Sêng-kong|l=success|labels=no}}), and the title of ''Koxinga'' ("Lord of the Imperial Surname").{{sfnp|Struve|1984|pp=87-88}} One of his cousins also had it.<ref name="近松門左衛門Doren1951b">{{cite book|author1=近松門左衛門|author2=Mark Van Doren|title=The battles of Coxinga: Chikamatsu's puppet play, its background and importance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zJwPAAAAYAAJ&q=chinese+certainly+tagawa+partizans|year=1951|publisher=Taylor's Foreign Press|pages=45}}</ref>

In 1646, Koxinga first led the Ming armies to resist the Manchu invaders and won the favor of the Longwu Emperor. The Longwu Emperor's reign in Fuzhou was brief, as Zheng Zhilong refused to support his plans for a counteroffensive against the rapidly expanding forces of the newly established [[Qing dynasty]] by the Manchus. Zheng Zhilong ordered the defending general of Xianxia Pass ({{lang|zh-hant|仙霞關}}), Shi Fu (a.k.a. Shi Tianfu, a relative of [[Shi Lang]]), to retreat to [[Fuzhou]] even when Qing armies approached Fujian. For this reason, the Qing army faced little resistance when it conquered the north of the pass. In September 1646, Qing armies broke through the inadequately defended mountain passes and entered Fujian. Zheng Zhilong retreated to his coastal fortress and the Longwu Emperor faced the Qing armies alone. Longwu's forces were destroyed; he was captured and was executed in October 1646.{{sfnp|Mote|Twitchett|1988|p=675-676}}

===Zheng Zhilong's surrender and the death of Tagawa===
The Qing forces sent envoys to meet Zheng Zhilong secretly and offered to appoint him as the governor of both Fujian and [[Guangdong]] provinces if he would surrender to the Qing. Zheng Zhilong agreed and ignored the objections of his family, surrendering himself to the Qing forces in Fuzhou on 21 November 1646.{{sfnp|Struve|1984|p=98}} Koxinga and his uncles were left as the successors to the leadership of Zheng Zhilong's military forces. Koxinga operated outside [[Xiamen]] and recruited many to join his cause in a few months. He used the superiority of his naval forces to launch amphibious raids on Manchu-occupied territory in Fujian and he managed to take [[Tong'an]] in [[Quanzhou]] prefecture in early 1647. However, Koxinga's forces lacked the ability to defend the newly occupied territory.{{sfnp|Andrade|2005|loc=§&nbsp;12}}

Following the fall of Tong'an to Zheng, the Manchus launched a counterattack in the spring of 1647, during which they stormed the Zheng family's hometown of [[Anhai|Anping]]. Koxinga's mother, Lady Tagawa, had come from Japan in 1645 to join her family in Fujian (Koxinga's younger brother, Tagawa Shichizaemon, remained in Japan).{{sfnp|Keene|1950|p=46}} She did not follow her husband to surrender to the Qing dynasty. She was caught by Manchu forces in Anping and committed suicide after refusal to submit to the enemy, according to traditional accounts.{{sfnp|Struve|1984|p=116}}

===Resistance to the Qing===
[[File:Zheng Chenggong.JPG|right|thumb|upright=1.15|Zheng Chenggong statue in Xiamen, Fujian, China. The granite statue is {{val|15.7|u=m}} tall and weighs {{val|1617|u=tons}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Koxinga Statue at Gulangyu receives Sculpture Achievement Award|url=http://www.whatsonxiamen.com/travel-msg-972.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925065121/http://www.whatsonxiamen.com/travel-msg-972.html |archive-date=25 September 2018|url-status=live|access-date=24 September 2018}}</ref>]]
By 1650, Koxinga was strong enough to establish himself as the head of the [[House of Koxinga|Zheng family]].{{sfnp|Struve|1984|p=116}} He pledged allegiance to the [[Yongli Emperor]] of Southern Ming, who created him Prince of [[Yanping District|Yanping]] (延平王).<ref name="LuWangNMHTW">{{cite web |script-title=zh:臺南與鄭成功 |url=https://tainanstudy.nmth.gov.tw/article/detail/9/read? |trans-title=Tainan and Zheng Chenggong (Koxinga) |author=Yan Xing |website=Tainan Literature and History Research Database |publisher=National Museum of Taiwan History |access-date=12 February 2021 |script-quote=zh:這時成功意志堅决，便單獨倡導拒滿復明運動，以金，厦兩島爲根據地地，不斷地向閩，浙東南一進攻，奉永明王永曆正朔 |trans-quote=Then Chenggong (Koxinga) resolutely and independently advocated for the movement to resist the Manchus and restore Ming, with bases in Kinmen and Xiamen, continuously attacked southeastern Min (Fujian) and Zhejiang, pledged to serve the Youngli emperor of Ming}}.</ref> The Yongli Emperor was fleeing from the Manchus with a motley court and hastily assembled army. Despite one fruitless attempt, Koxinga was unable to do anything to aid the last Ming emperor.{{sfnp|Struve|1984|p=116}} Instead, he decided to concentrate on securing his own position on the southeast coast.

Koxinga had a series of military successes in 1651 and 1652 that increased the Qing government's anxiety over the threat he posed.<!-- This is too brief. Please be more specific here and list some of the military successes. -->{{sfnp|Struve|1984|p=159}} Zheng Zhilong wrote a letter to his son from [[Beijing]], presumably at the request of the [[Shunzhi Emperor]] and the Qing government, urging his son to negotiate with the Manchurians. The long series of negotiations between Koxinga and the Qing dynasty lasted until November 1654. The negotiations ultimately failed.  The Qing government then appointed Prince Jidu (son of [[Jirgalang]]) to lead an attack on Koxinga's territory after this failure.{{sfnp|Struve|1984|p=160–166}}

On 9 May 1656, Jidu's armies attacked [[Kinmen]] (Quemoy), an island near Xiamen that Koxinga had been using to train his troops. Partly as a result of a major storm, the Manchus were defeated, and they lost most of their fleet in the battle.{{sfnp|Struve|1984|p=181}} Koxinga had sent one of his naval commanders to capture [[Zhoushan]] island prior to Jidu's attack,{{sfnp|Struve|1984|p=182}} and now that the Manchus were temporarily without an effective naval force in the Fujian area, Koxinga was free to send a huge army to Zhoushan, which he intended to use as a base to capture Nanjing.

Despite capturing many counties in his initial attack due to surprise and having the initiative, Koxinga announced the final battle in Nanjing ahead of time giving plenty of time for the Qing to prepare because he wanted a decisive, single grand showdown like his father successfully did against the Dutch at the [[Battle of Liaoluo Bay]], throwing away the surprise and initiative which led to its failure. Koxinga's attack on Qing held Nanjing which would interrupt the supply route of the Grand Canal leading to possible starvation in Beijing caused such fear that the Manchus considered returning to Manchuria and abandoning China according to a 1671 account by a French missionary.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Ho |first=Dahpon David |date=2011 |title=Sealords live in vain : Fujian and the making of a maritime frontier in seventeenth-century China |type=PhD dissertation |publisher=UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO |pages=149–150 |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3pk3t096 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404092359/https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3pk3t096 |archive-date=4 April 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> The commoners and officials in Beijing and Nanjing were waiting to support whichever side won. An official from Qing Beijing sent letters to family and another official in Nanjing, telling them all communication and news from Nanjing to Beijing had been cut off, that the Qing were considering abandoning Beijing and moving their capital far away to a remote location for safety since Koxinga's iron troops were rumored to be invincible. The letter said it reflected the grim situation being felt in Qing Beijing. The official told his children in Nanjing to prepare to defect to Koxinga which he himself was preparing to do. Koxinga's forces intercepted these letters and after reading them Koxinga may have started to regret his deliberate delays allowing the Qing to prepare for a final massive battle instead of swiftly attacking Nanjing.<ref>{{cite book |last=Yim |first=Lawrence C.H |date=2009 |title=The Poet-historian Qian Qianyi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fI99WIDOVrgC&pg=PA109 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |page=109 |isbn=978-1134006069 }}</ref>

Koxinga's Ming loyalists fought against a majority Han Chinese Bannermen Qing army when attacking Nanjing. The siege lasted almost three weeks, beginning on 24 August. Koxinga's forces were unable to maintain a complete encirclement, which enabled the city to obtain supplies and even reinforcements — though cavalry attacks by the city's forces were successful even before reinforcements arrived.  Koxinga's forces were defeated and slipped back to the ships which had brought them.<ref name="JR.1985">{{cite book|author=Frederic E. Wakeman Jr. |title=The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8nXLwSG2O8AC&pg=PA1047|year=1985|publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-04804-1 |pages=1047–1048|access-date=2 May 2016}}</ref>

===In Taiwan===
[[File:KoxingaTemple.jpg|right|thumb|Image of Koxinga Temple in Tainan]]
[[File:Koxinga territory.jpg|thumb|right|Extent of territory held by Koxinga (red), sphere of influence (pink)]]
[[File:Koxinga, 2 cash, Yong Li Tong Bao, seal script.jpg|thumb|Bronze coin minted in Nagasaki for Koxinga's forces, inscribed Yong Li Tong Bao in seal script]]
In 1661, Koxinga led his troops on a [[Siege of Fort Zeelandia|landing]] at ''Lakjemuyse''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://chenghistory.blogspot.com/2013/04/the-gate-to-taiwan.html|title=The gate to Taiwan|date=18 April 2013|access-date=7 February 2020|url-status=live|archive-date=7 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207094830/https://chenghistory.blogspot.com/2013/04/the-gate-to-taiwan.html}}</ref> to attack the Dutch colonists in [[Dutch Formosa]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Frank N. Magill|title=The 17th and 18th Centuries: Dictionary of World Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HaHdAAAAQBAJ&q=father+Koxinga%27s+victory+was+regarded+as+a+second+Japanese+conquest+of+the+Dutch.%22&pg=PA298|date=13 September 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-92414-0|pages=298–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Manchester Guardian Weekly|date=July 1950|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OPIuAQAAIAAJ&q=father+Koxinga%27s+victory+was+regarded+as+a+second+Japanese+conquest+of+the+Dutch.%22 |publisher=John Russell Scott for the Manchester Guardian|pages=149}}</ref> Koxinga said to the Dutch "Hitherto this island had always belonged to China, and the Dutch had doubtless been permitted to live there, seeing that the Chinese did not require it for themselves; but requiring it now, it was only fair that Dutch strangers, who came from far regions, should give way to the masters of the island."{{sfnp|Campbell|1903|p=[https://archive.org/details/formosaunderdut01campgoog/page/n439 423]}}

The [[Taiwanese Aboriginal]] tribes, who were previously allied with the Dutch against the Chinese during the [[Guo Huaiyi Rebellion]] in 1652, now turned against the Dutch during the [[Siege of Fort Zeelandia]] by defecting to Koxinga's Chinese forces.<ref>{{cite book |last=Covell |first=Ralph R. |date=1998 |title=Pentecost of the Hills in Taiwan: The Christian Faith Among the Original Inhabitants |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oaP2UFZVGDoC&pg=PA96 |publisher=Hope Publishing House |edition=illustrated |pages=96–97 |isbn=978-0-932727-90-9 |access-date=10 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160518231130/https://books.google.com/books?id=oaP2UFZVGDoC&pg=PA96 |archive-date=18 May 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Aboriginals (Formosans) of Sincan defected to Koxinga after he offered them amnesty and proceeded to work for the Chinese, beheading Dutch people. The frontier Aboriginals in the mountains and plains also surrendered and defected to the Chinese on 17 May 1661, celebrating their freedom from compulsory education under Dutch rule by hunting down Dutch people and beheading them and by destroying Dutch Protestant school textbooks.<ref>{{cite book |last=Chiu |first=Hsin-Hui |date=2008|title=The Colonial 'civilizing Process' in Dutch Formosa: 1624–1662|edition=illustrated |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4QzpJtddFxEC&pg=PA222 |publisher=BRILL |series=Volume 10 of TANAP monographs on the history of the Asian-European interaction |page=222 |isbn=978-9004165076 |access-date=10 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410162851/https://books.google.com/books?id=4QzpJtddFxEC&pg=PA222 |archive-date=10 April 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 1 February 1662, the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] Governor of Formosa, [[Frederick Coyett]], surrendered [[Fort Zeelandia (Taiwan)|Fort Zeelandia]] to Koxinga. According to Frederick Coyett's own self-justifying account written after the siege, Koxinga's life was saved at the end of the siege by a certain Hans Jurgen Radis of Stockaert, a Dutch defector who strongly advised him against visiting the ramparts of the fort after he had taken it, which Radis knew would be blown up by the retreating Dutch forces.{{sfnp|Campbell|1903|p=452}} This claim of a Dutch defector only appears in Coyett's account and Chinese records make no mention of any defector. In the peace treaty, Koxinga was styled "Lord Teibingh Tsiante Teysiancon Koxin" ({{zh|t=大明招討大將軍國姓|s=大明招讨大将军国姓|p=Dàmíng Zhāotǎo Dàjiāngjūn Guóxìng|poj=Tāibêng Chiauthó Tāichiang-kun Kok-sìⁿ|l=[[Ming dynasty|Great Ming]] Commander in Chief of the Punitive Expedition (Lord) Imperial-Surname}}).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cns.miis.edu/straittalk/Appendix+1.htm |date=1 February 1662 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714095931/http://www.cns.miis.edu/straittalk/Appendix%201.htm |title=Appendix 1 — Koxinga-Dutch Treaty (1662) |access-date=5 April 2018 |archive-date=14 July 2007}}</ref> This effectively ended 38 years of Dutch rule on Taiwan. Koxinga then devoted himself to transforming Taiwan into a military base for loyalists who wanted to restore the Ming dynasty.

Koxinga formulated a plan to give oxen and farming tools and teach farming techniques to the Taiwanese Aboriginals, giving them Ming gowns and caps and gifting tobacco to Aboriginals who were gathering in crowds to meet and welcome him as he visited their villages after he defeated the Dutch.{{sfnp|Xing Hang|2016|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=tQ10CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA139 139–]}}

===In the Philippines===
{{main|Spanish–Moro conflict#Chinese threat to the Spanish and 1663 Chinese rebellion}}
In 1662, Koxinga's forces raided several towns in the [[Philippines]]. Koxinga's chief advisor was an Italian friar named [[Vittorio Riccio]], whom he sent to [[Manila]] to demand tribute from the colonial government of the [[Spanish East Indies]], threatening to expel the Spaniards if his demands were not met.{{sfnp|Davidson|1903|p=[https://archive.org/stream/islandofformosap00davi#page/51/mode/1up 51]}} The Spanish refused to pay the tribute and reinforced the garrisons around Manila, but the planned attack never took place due to Koxinga's sudden death in that year after expelling the Dutch from Taiwan.<ref>{{cite book | title=The Spanish experience in Taiwan, 1626–1642: the Baroque ending of a Renaissance endeavor | publisher=Hong Kong University Press | author=Borao, José Eugenio | year=2010 | page=199 | isbn=978-962-209-083-5 |jstor=j.ctt1xcrpk}}</ref>

Koxinga's threat to invade the islands and expel the Spanish was an [[Spanish–Moro conflict#Chinese threat to the Spanish and 1663 Chinese rebellion|important factor in the Spanish failure to conquer]] the [[Islam in the Philippines|Muslim]] [[Moro people]] in [[Mindanao]]. The threat of Chinese invasion forced the Spanish to withdraw their forces to Manila. They immediately evacuated their fort on [[Zamboanga City|Zamboanga]] in [[Mindanao]] following Koxinga's threats. They left some troops in [[Jolo]] and by [[Lake Lanao]] to engage the Moro in protracted conflict. They permanently abandoned their colony in the [[Maluku Islands]] (Moluccas) and withdraw their soldiers from there to Manila.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gutenberg-e.org/andrade/conclusion.html|title=How Taiwan Became Chinese: Conclusion|website=www.gutenberg-e.org|access-date=5 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402055636/http://www.gutenberg-e.org/andrade/conclusion.html|archive-date=2 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Death===
Koxinga died of unspecified illness in June 1662, only a few months after defeating the Dutch in Taiwan, at the age of 37. [[:zh:鄭成功#去世|Contemporary accounts]] named heat stroke and cold as causes and modern historians suspect malaria. Qing history claimed that he died in a sudden fit of madness when his officers refused to carry out his orders to execute his son [[Zheng Jing]], who had had an affair with his wet nurse and conceived a child with her.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lian |first=Heng |author-link=Lian Heng |script-title=zh:臺灣通史 |trans-title=The General History of Taiwan |language=zh |oclc=123362609 |date=1920}}</ref>   Zheng Jing succeeded his father as the [[:zh:延平王|Prince of Yanping]]. According to the historian Roberts Antony, "the death of Zheng Chenggong began the downturn of family fortunes."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Antony |first1=Robert |title=Like Froth Floating on the Sea: The World of Pirates and Seafarers in Late Imperial South China |date=2003 |publisher=Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, Berkeley |isbn=9781557290786 |pages=32–33}}</ref>