Editing Klamath Falls, Oregon (section)

==History==
===Etymology===
At its founding in 1867, Klamath Falls was named Linkville.{{sfn|McArthur|McArthur|2003|p=580}} The name was changed to Klamath Falls in 1892–93.{{sfn|McArthur|McArthur|2003|p=541}} The name ''Klamath'' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|l|æ|m|ə|θ}})<ref>{{cite book |last=Bauer |first=Laurence James |author-link=Laurie Bauer |year=2007 |title=The Linguistics Student's Handbook |publisher=[[Edinburgh University Press]] |isbn=978-0-74863-160-5}}</ref> may be a variation of the descriptive native for "people" (in [[Chinookan languages|Chinookan]]) used by the [[Indigenous peoples of the Northwest Plateau]] to refer to the region.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldwisdom.com/public/viewpdf/default.aspx?article-title=The_Klamath.pdf |title=The North American Indian - The Klamath |volume=13 |publisher=[[World Wisdom]] |access-date=May 28, 2014 }}</ref>

===History===
{{See also|List of historic buildings in Klamath Falls, Oregon}}
The [[Klamath people|Klamath]] and [[Modoc people|Modoc]] peoples were the first known inhabitants of the area. The Modocs' homeland is about {{convert|20|mi|km}} south of Klamath Falls, but when they were forced onto a reservation with their adversaries, the Klamath, a rebellion ensued and they hid out in nearby [[Lava Beds National Monument|lava beds]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Quinn|first=Arthur|year=1998|title=Hell With the Fire Out: A History of the Modoc War|publisher=[[Faber and Faber]]|edition=reprint|url={{googlebooks|Q0wGGwAACAAJ|plainurl=y}}|isbn=978-0-57119-937-2}}</ref> This led to the [[Modoc War]] of 1872–1873, which was a hugely expensive campaign for the US Cavalry, costing an estimated $500,000, the equivalent of over $8&nbsp;million in 2000. 17 Indigenous people and 83 Americans were killed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.militarymuseum.org/Modoc1.html|title=California and the Indian Wars: The Modoc War, 1872–1873|publisher=[[California State Military Museum]]|access-date=July 8, 2010}}</ref>

The [[Applegate Trail]], which passes through the lower Klamath area, was blazed in 1846 from west to east in an attempt to provide a safer route for emigrants on the Oregon Trail.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.webtrail.com/applegate/index.shtml|title=The Applegate Trail|publisher=Southern Oregon Historical Society and the Josephine County Historical Society}}</ref> The first non-Indigenous settler is considered to have been Wallace Baldwin, a 19-year-old civilian who drove fifty head of horses in the valley in 1852.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oregonhistoryproject.org/narratives/nature-and-history-in-the-klamath-basin/putting-nature-to-work/living-in-and-reclaiming-the-basin/|title=Putting Nature to Work {{!}} Living in and Reclaiming the Basin|work=The Oregon History Project|publisher=Oregon History Society|date=December 18, 1946|access-date=June 4, 2014}}</ref> In 1867, George Nurse, named the small settlement "Linkville", because of [[Link River]] north of [[Lake Ewauna]].

The [[Klamath Reclamation Project]] began in 1906 to drain marshland and move water to allow for agriculture. With the building of the main "A" Canal, water was first made available on May 22, 1907. Veterans of World War I and World War II were given homesteading opportunities on the reclaimed land.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oregonhistoryproject.org/articles/historical-records/klamath-homestead-drawing/|title=Klamath Homestead Drawing|work=The Oregon History Project|publisher=Oregon History Society|year=2003|author=Stephen Most}}</ref>

During [[World War II]], a Japanese-American [[internment camp]], the [[Tule Lake War Relocation Center]], was located in nearby [[Newell, California]], and a satellite of the [[Camp White, Oregon]], [[Prisoner of war|POW]] camp was located just on the Oregon–California border near the town of [[Tulelake, California]]. In May 1945, about {{convert|30|mi|km}} east of Klamath Falls, (near [[Bly, Oregon]]) a Japanese [[Fu-Go balloon bomb]] killed a woman and five children on a church outing. This is said to be the only Japanese-inflicted casualty on the US mainland during the war.

Timber harvesting through the use of railroad was extensive in Klamath County for the first few decades of the 20th century. With the arrival of the [[Southern Pacific Transportation Company]] in 1909, Klamath Falls grew quickly from a few hundred to several thousand. Dozens of lumber mills cut fir and pine lumber, and the industry flourished until the late 1980s when the [[northern spotted owl]] and other endangered species were driving forces in changing western forest policy.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bowden|first=Jack|title=Railroad Logging in the Klamath Country|date=December 15, 2003|publisher=Oso Publishing|location=Klamath County, Oregon|url={{googlebooks|I8eEAAAACAAJ|plainurl=y}}|isbn=978-1-93106-411-8}}</ref>

On September 20, 1993, [[1993 Klamath Falls earthquakes|a series of earthquakes]] struck near Klamath Falls.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://crew.org/?s=Oregon|title=Search Results for: Oregon|publisher=Cascadia Region Earthquake Workgroup (CREW)|access-date=July 8, 2010}}</ref> Many downtown buildings, including the county courthouse and the former Sacred Heart Academy and Convent, were damaged or destroyed, and two people were killed.<br/>
{{wide image|Klamath Falls, Oregon 1909 Panoramic photographs Library of Congress Digital ID pan 6a08746r.jpg|1000px|alt=Klamath Falls, 1909|Klamath Falls, 1909}}

===Water rights controversy===
[[File:White waters at Klamath Falls.jpeg|thumb|right|[[Link River]] downstream [[white water]] falls, from which Klamath Falls gets its name]]
The city made national headlines in 2001 when a court decision was made to shut off Klamath Project irrigation water on April 6 because of [[Endangered Species Act]] requirements. The [[Lost River sucker]] and [[shortnose sucker]] were listed on the Federal [[Endangered Species]] List in 1988, and when drought struck in 2001, a panel of scientists stated that further diversion of water for agriculture would be detrimental to these species, which reside in the [[Upper Klamath Lake]], as well as to the protected [[Coho salmon]] which spawn in the [[Klamath River]]. Many protests by farmers and citizens culminated in a "[[Bucket brigade|Bucket Brigade]]"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.klamathbucketbrigade.com/general-4|title=A History of the Klamath Bucket Brigade|publisher=Klamath Bucket Brigade}}</ref> on Main Street May 7, 2001, in Klamath Falls. The event was attended by 18,000 farmers, ranchers, citizens, and politicians. Two giant bucket monuments have since been constructed and erected in town to commemorate the event. Such universal criticism resulted in a new plan implemented in early 2002 to resume irrigation to farmers.

Low river flows in the Klamath and [[Trinity River (California)|Trinity]] rivers and high temperatures led to a mass die-off of at least 33,000 salmon in 2002.<ref name=Milstein>{{cite news|url=http://www.pelicannetwork.net/salmon.tappingtrinity.htm|title=Tapping the Trinity {{!}} The Salmon Coalition|work=The Oregonian|date=October 27, 2002|author=Michael Milstein|publisher=PelicanNetwork.net|location=Portland, Oregon|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030310030057/http://www.pelicannetwork.net/salmon.tappingtrinity.htm|archive-date=March 10, 2003}}</ref> Dwindling salmon numbers have practically shut down the fishing industry in the region and caused over $60m in disaster aid being given to fishermen to offset losses.<ref name=post>{{cite news|url=http://blog.washingtonpost.com/cheney/chapters/leaving_no_tracks/index.html|title=Leaving No Tracks {{!}} Angler: The Cheney Vice Presidency|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=June 27, 2007|last1=Becker|first1=Jo|last2=Gellman|first2=Barton|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515135939/http://blog.washingtonpost.com/cheney/chapters/leaving_no_tracks/index.html|archive-date=May 15, 2008}}</ref> 90% of Trinity River water is diverted for California agriculture. As much as 90% of the Trinity's water, which would otherwise flow into the Klamath and out to sea, instead rushes south toward California's thirsty center.<ref name=Milstein/>

According to a [[United States National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]] report of October 22, 2003, limiting irrigation water did little if anything to help endangered fish and may have hurt the populations.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=10838|title=Broader Approach Needed for Protection And Recovery of Fish in Klamath River Basin|work=Office of News and Public Information|publisher=[[National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine]]|date=October 22, 2003}}</ref> A contrary report has criticized the National Academy of Sciences report.<ref name=post/> The Chiloquin Dam has been removed to help improve sucker spawning habitat.

In 2021 tensions between locals and the Federal Government led two local farmers to purchase land at the headgates in Klamath Falls, OR. These farmers have ties to the [[Ammon Bundy]] People's Rights organization<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ammon's Army: Inside the Far-Right People's Rights Network ⋆ Institute for Research and Education on Human Rights|url=https://www.irehr.org/reports/peoples-rights-report/|access-date=2021-06-04|website=Institute for Research and Education on Human Rights|date=October 13, 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref> and are preparing for a potential standoff situation with the government.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Farmers with ties to Ammon Bundy buy land, make camp by shut Klamath irrigation canal|url=https://www.registerguard.com/story/news/2021/05/26/farmers-buy-land-make-camp-shut-klamath-oregon-irrigation-canal-ammon-bundy/7457817002/|access-date=2021-06-04|website=The Register-Guard|language=en-US}}</ref>

===Geothermal heating===
Klamath Falls is located in a known geothermal resource area. [[Geothermal power]] has been used directly for [[geothermal heating]] in the area since the early 1900s. A downtown district heating system was constructed in 1981 and extended in 1982. There was public opposition to the scheme. Many homes were heated by private geothermal wells, and owners were concerned that the city system could lower the water level and/or reduce water temperatures. System operation was delayed until 1984 following an [[aquifer]] study. Full operational testing showed no negative impact on the private wells. The system was shut down again in 1986 after multiple distribution piping failures were discovered. By 1991, the distribution piping had been reconstructed, and the system was again operating. The system has been expanded since then, and according to the [[Oregon Institute of Technology]], the operation is "at or near operational break-even". The system is used to provide direct heat for homes, city schools, greenhouses, government and commercial buildings, geothermally heated [[snowmelt system]]s for sidewalks and roads, and process heat for the wastewater treatment plant.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oregon.gov/ENERGY/RENEW/docs/tp124.pdf|title=Geothermal in Oregon|publisher=Geo-Heat Center, [[Oregon Institute of Technology, Klamath Falls]]|access-date=July 8, 2010}}</ref>

===Air quality===
According to the [[Oregon Department of Environmental Quality]] in 2012, significant efforts are being made to improve the air quality in the Klamath Basin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deq.state.or.us/aq/factsheets/12-AQ-047.pdf|title=Klamath Falls PM2.5 Attainment Plan|publisher=[[Oregon Department of Environmental Quality]] (DEQ)|date=September 26, 2012|author=Rachel Sakata|pages=1, 4}}</ref>