Editing Kitsch (section)

==History and analysis==
[[File:Price Kensington Cottage Ware.jpg|thumb|A [[mass-produced]] [[teapot]] and milk jug set, themed after an old [[cottage]]]]
[[File:Buzescu-Roma-Village.jpg|thumb|Examples of kitsch in architecture]]
[[File:Licheń bazylika 2.JPG|thumb|[[Basilica of Our Lady of Licheń| Basilica of Licheń]] in Poland, as an example of kitsch in sacred architecture]]
As a descriptive term, ''kitsch'' originated in the art markets of [[Munich#Capital of reunited Bavaria|Munich]], Germany in the 1860s and the 1870s, describing cheap, popular, and marketable pictures and sketches.<ref>Calinescu, Matei. Five Faces of Modernity. Kitsch, p.&nbsp;234.</ref> In ''Das Buch vom Kitsch'' (''The Book of Kitsch''), published in 1936, [[Hans Reimann (writer)|Hans Reimann]] defined it as a professional expression "born in a painter's studio".

The study of kitsch was done almost exclusively in Germany until the 1970s, with [[Walter Benjamin]] being an important scholar in the field.<ref name="menninghaus">{{cite book |last=Menninghaus |first=Winfried |title=Walter Benjamin and the Architecture of Modernity |publisher=re.press |year=2009 |isbn=9780980544091 |editor=Andrew Benjamin and Charles Rice |pages=39–58 |chapter=On the Vital Significance of 'Kitsch': Walter Benjamin's Politics of 'Bad Taste' |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UFx1D_BC5tsC&pg=PA40}}</ref>

Kitsch is regarded as a modern phenomenon, coinciding with social changes in recent centuries such as the [[Industrial Revolution]], [[urbanization]], mass production, modern materials and media such as [[plastic]]s, [[radio]] and [[television]], the rise of the [[middle class]] and [[public education]]{{emdash}}all of which have factored into a perception of oversaturation of art produced for the popular taste.

===Kitsch in art theory and aesthetics===
[[Modernism|Modernist]] writer [[Hermann Broch]] argues that the essence of kitsch is imitation: kitsch mimics its immediate predecessor with no regard to ethics—it aims to copy the beautiful, not the good.<ref>{{cite book|last=Broch|first=Hermann|title=Geist and Zeitgeist: The Spirit in an Unspiritual Age. Six Essays by Hermann Broch| year=2002| publisher=Counterpoint| isbn=9781582431680|chapter=Evil in the Value System of Art|pages=13–40}}</ref> According to Walter Benjamin, kitsch, unlike art, is a utilitarian object lacking all critical distance between object and observer. According to critic Winfried Menninghaus, Benjamin's stance was that kitsch "offers instantaneous emotional gratification without intellectual effort, without the requirement of distance, without sublimation".<ref name="menninghaus"/> In a short essay from 1927, Benjamin observed that an artist who engages in kitschy reproductions of things and ideas from a bygone age deserved to be called a "furnished man"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Walter Benjamin: Dream Kitsch (trans. Edward Viesel) - - |url=https://www.edwardviesel.eu/0056.html |access-date=2022-12-20 |website=www.edwardviesel.eu}}</ref> (in the way that someone rents a "[[Apartment#Facilities|furnished apartment]]" where everything is already supplied).

Kitsch is less about the thing observed than about the observer.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Eaglestone|first1=Robert|title=The Broken Voice: Reading Post-Holocaust Literature|date=25 May 2017|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0191084201|page=155}}</ref> According to [[Roger Scruton]], "Kitsch is fake art, expressing fake emotions, whose purpose is to deceive the consumer into thinking he feels something deep and serious."<ref name=Scruton>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-30439633|title=A Point of View: The strangely enduring power of kitsch|work=BBC News|date=12 December 2014}}</ref>

Tomáš Kulka, in ''Kitsch and Art'', starts from two basic facts that kitsch "has an undeniable mass-appeal" and "considered (by the art-educated elite) bad", and then proposes three essential conditions: 
# Kitsch depicts a beautiful or highly emotionally charged subject; 
# The depicted subject is instantly and effortlessly identifiable;
# Kitsch does not substantially enrich our associations related to the depicted subject.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Kitsch and art|last=Tomas|first=Kulka|publisher=Pennsylvania State Univ. Press|year=1996|isbn=978-0271015941|oclc=837730812}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Higgins | first=Kathleen Marie | last2=Kulka | first2=Tomas | title=Kitsch and Art | journal=The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism | publisher=JSTOR | volume=56 | issue=4 | year=1998 | issn=0021-8529 | doi=10.2307/432137 | jstor=432137 | page=410}}</ref>

===Kitsch in Milan Kundera's ''The Unbearable Lightness of Being''===

The concept of kitsch is a central motif in [[Milan Kundera|Milan Kundera's]] 1984 novel ''[[The Unbearable Lightness of Being]]''. Towards the end of the novel, the book's narrator posits that the act of defecation (and specifically, the shame that surrounds it) poses a metaphysical challenge to the theory of divine creation: "Either/or: either shit is acceptable (in which case don't lock yourself in the bathroom!) or we are created in an unacceptable manner".<ref>Kundera, Milan (1984). ''The Unbearable Lightness of Being''. Harper Perennial. p. 248</ref> Thus, in order for us to continue to believe in the essential propriety and rightness of the universe (what the narrator calls "the categorical agreement with being"), we live in a world "in which shit is denied and everyone acts as though it did not exist". For Kundera's narrator, this is the definition of kitsch: an "aesthetic ideal" which "excludes everything from its purview which is essentially unacceptable in human existence".

The novel goes on to relate this definition of kitsch to politics, and specifically—given the novel's setting in [[Prague]] around the time of the [[Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia|1968 invasion by the Soviet Union]]—to [[communism]] and [[totalitarianism]]. He gives the example of the Communist [[May Day]] ceremony, and of the sight of children running on the grass and the feeling this is supposed to provoke. This emphasis on feeling is fundamental to how kitsch operates:

<blockquote>Kitsch causes two tears to flow in quick succession. The first tear says: How nice to see children running on the grass! The second tear says: How nice to be moved, together with all mankind, by children running on the grass! It is the second tear that makes kitsch kitsch.<ref name="auto1">Kundera, Milan (1984). ''The Unbearable Lightness of Being''. Harper Perennial. p. 251</ref></blockquote>

According to the narrator, kitsch is "the aesthetic ideal of all politicians and all political parties and movements"; however, where a society is dominated by a single political movement, the result is "totalitarian kitsch":

<blockquote>When I say "totalitarian," what I mean is that everything that infringes on kitsch must be banished for life: every display of individualism (because a deviation from the collective is a spit in the eye of the smiling brotherhood); every doubt (because anyone who starts doubting details will end by doubting life itself); all irony (because in the realm of kitsch everything must be taken quite seriously).<ref name="auto1"/></blockquote>

Kundera's concept of "totalitarian kitsch" has since been invoked in the study of the art and culture of regimes such as [[Stalinism|Stalin's Soviet Union]], [[Nazi Germany]], [[Italian Fascism|Fascist Italy]] and Iraq under [[Saddam Hussein]].<ref>Makiya, Kanan (2011). Review: What Is Totalitarian Art? Cultural Kitsch From Stalin to Saddam. ''Foreign Affairs''. '''90''' (3): 142–148</ref> Kundera's narrator ends up condemning kitsch for its "true function" as an ideological tool under such regimes, calling it "a folding screen set up to curtain off death".<ref>Kundera, Milan (1984). ''The Unbearable Lightness of Being''. Harper Perennial. p. 253</ref>

===Melancholic kitsch vs. nostalgic kitsch===

[[File:Kołobrzeg snow globe.JPG|thumb|right|A souvenir snow globe with an underwater motif]]
In her 1999 book ''The Artificial Kingdom: A Treasury of the Kitsch Experience'', cultural historian [[Celeste Olalquiaga]] develops a theory of kitsch that situates its emergence as a specifically nineteenth-century phenomenon, relating it to the feelings of loss elicited by a world transformed by science and industry.<ref>Olalquiaga, Celeste (1999). ''The Artificial Kingdom: A Treasury of the Kitsch Experience''. Bloomsbury.</ref> Focusing on examples such as [[paperweights]], [[aquariums]], [[mermaid|mermaids]] and [[the Crystal Palace]], Olalquiaga uses Benjamin's concept of the [[Walter Benjamin|"dialectical image"]] to argue for the utopian potential of "melancholic kitsch", which she differentiates from the more commonly discussed "nostalgic kitsch".<ref>Olalquiaga, Celeste (1999). ''The Artificial Kingdom: A Treasury of the Kitsch Experience''. Bloomsbury. pp. 26, 75</ref>

These two types of kitsch correspond to two different forms of memory. Nostalgic kitsch functions through "reminiscence", which "sacrifices the intensity of experience for a conscious or fabricated sense of continuity":

<blockquote>Incapable of tolerating the intensity of the moment, reminiscence selects and consolidates an event's acceptable parts into a memory perceived as complete. […] This reconstructed experience is frozen as an emblem of itself, becoming a cultural fossil.<ref>Olalquiaga, Celeste (1999). ''The Artificial Kingdom: A Treasury of the Kitsch Experience''. Bloomsbury. p. 292</ref></blockquote>

In contrast, melancholic kitsch functions through "remembrance", a form of memory that Olalquiaga links to the "[[souvenir]]", which attempts "to repossess the experience of intensity and immediacy through an object".<ref name="auto">Olalquiaga, Celeste (1999). ''The Artificial Kingdom: A Treasury of the Kitsch Experience''. Bloomsbury. p. 291</ref> While reminiscence translates a remembered event to the realm of the symbolic ("deprived of immediacy in favour of representational meaning"), remembrance is "the memory of the unconscious", which "sacrific[es] the continuity of time for the intensity of the experience".<ref>Olalquiaga, Celeste (1999). ''The Artificial Kingdom: A Treasury of the Kitsch Experience''. Bloomsbury. p. 294, 292</ref> Far from denying death, melancholic kitsch can only function through a recognition of its multiple "deaths" as a fragmentary remembrance that is subsequently commodified and reproduced. It "glorifies the perishable aspect of events, seeking in their partial and decaying memory the confirmation of its own temporal dislocation".<ref>Olalquiaga, Celeste (1999). ''The Artificial Kingdom: A Treasury of the Kitsch Experience''. Bloomsbury. p. 298</ref>

Thus, for Olalquiaga, melancholic kitsch is able to function as a Benjaminian dialectical image: "an object whose decayed state exposes and reflects its utopian possibilities, a remnant constantly reliving its own death, a ruin".<ref name="auto"/>