Editing Kingston upon Hull (section)

==History==
{{see also|Timeline of Hull|Fortifications of Kingston upon Hull|List of Governors of Kingston-upon-Hull}}

===Wyke and wool trade===
Kingston upon Hull stands on the north bank of the [[Humber Estuary]] at the mouth of its tributary, the [[River Hull]]. The valley of the River Hull has been inhabited since the early [[Neolithic]] period but there is little evidence of a substantial settlement in the area of the present city.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.hull.ac.uk/wetlands/hull.htm
|title = Wetland Heritage of the Hull Valley
|publisher = Wetland Archaeology and Environments Research Centre, Dept. of Geography, University of Hull
|date = 16 February 2006
|access-date = 16 February 2008
|archive-date = 15 September 2007
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070915121644/http://www.hull.ac.uk/wetlands/hull.htm
|url-status = dead
}}</ref> The area was attractive to people because it gave access to a prosperous [[hinterland]] and navigable rivers but the site was poor, being remote, low-lying and with no fresh water. It was originally an outlying part of the hamlet of Myton, named Wyke. The name is thought to originate either from a Scandinavian word ''Vik'' meaning inlet or from the Saxon ''Wic'' meaning dwelling place or refuge.<ref>
{{cite book
|title = Medieval Hull: A History of the County of York East Riding: Volume 1: The City of Kingston upon Hull
|url = http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=66771#s2
|year = 1969
|pages = 11–85
|access-date = 25 February 2011
|via = British History Online
|publisher = University of London & History of Parliament Trust}}
</ref><ref>{{cite book
|title = Notices relative to the early history of the town and port of Hull
|first = Charles
|last = Frost
|author-link = Charles Frost (antiquary)
|publisher = J. B. Nichols
|year = 1827
|chapter = II. Of the name and state of the Town antecedently to the period of its supposed foundation in the year 1296
|pages = 5–28
|chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=lQ0WAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA5}}
</ref>

[[File:The Fortifications of Hull between 1321 and 1864, illustration 1.jpg|thumb|left|The urban growth of Hull between the 13th and 14th centuries<ref>{{cite journal |last=Evans |first=D.&nbsp;H. |date=2018 |title=The Fortifications of Hull between 1321 and 1864 |journal=Archaeological Journal |language=en |volume=175 |issue=1 |pages=89 |doi=10.1080/00665983.2017.1368156|s2cid=165517742 |doi-access=free }}</ref>]]

The River Hull was a good haven for shipping, whose trade included the export of wool from [[Meaux Abbey]], which owned Myton. In 1293, the town of Wyke was acquired from the abbey by King Edward I, who, on 1 April 1299, granted it a [[royal charter]] that renamed the settlement ''King's town upon Hull'' or Kingston upon Hull. The charter is preserved in the archives of the [[Guildhall, Kingston upon Hull|Guildhall]].<ref name="VCHULL">{{cite book
|url = http://www.british-history.ac.uk/source.aspx?pubid=549
|title = A History of the County of York East Riding: Volume 1 – The City of Kingston upon Hull
|series = [[Victoria County History]]
|access-date = 2 July 2008
|editor-last = Allison
|editor-first = K.&nbsp;J.
|publisher = Oxford University Press
|oclc = 504890087
|year = 1969
|archive-date = 7 October 2014
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141007131658/http://www.british-history.ac.uk/source.aspx?pubid=549
|url-status = dead
}}</ref> When first created, the borough straddled the [[ancient parish]]es of [[Hessle]] and [[North Ferriby]], but was remote from either parish church. A [[chapel of ease]] dedicated to Holy Trinity was built to serve the part of the borough in Hessle parish; that church subsequently became [[Hull Minster]]. [[St Mary's Church, Hull|St Mary's Church]] similarly began as a chapel of ease for the part of the borough in North Ferriby parish.<ref>{{cite book |title=A History of the County of York East Riding: Volume 1, The City of Kingston upon Hull |date=1969 |publisher=Victoria County History |location=London |pages=1–10 |url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/yorks/east/vol1/pp1-10 |access-date=7 July 2024}}</ref>

In 1440, a further charter [[Municipal corporation|incorporated]] the town and instituted local government consisting of a mayor, a sheriff and twelve [[alderman|aldermen]].<ref name="VCHULL"/>

In his ''Guide to Hull (1817)'', J. C. Craggs provides a colourful background to Edward's acquisition and naming of the town. He writes that the King and a hunting party started a hare which "led them along the delightful banks of the River Hull to the hamlet of Wyke ... [Edward], charmed with the scene before him, viewed with delight the advantageous situation of this hitherto neglected and obscure corner. He foresaw it might become subservient both to render the kingdom more secure against foreign invasion, and at the same time greatly to enforce its commerce". Pursuant to these thoughts, Craggs continues, Edward purchased the land from the Abbot of Meaux, had a manor hall built for himself, issued proclamations encouraging development within the town, and bestowed upon it the royal appellation, ''King's Town''.<ref name="Craggs">{{cite book
|last = Craggs
|first = John
|title = Craggs's guide to Hull. A description, historical and topographical, of the town, county, and vicinity of the town of Kingston-upon-Hull
|publisher = Thomas Wilson and Sons
|location = Hull
|oclc = 557289691
|year = 1817
|page = 1}}
</ref>

===Prospering port===
The port served as a base for Edward I during the [[First War of Scottish Independence]] and later developed into the foremost port on the east coast of England. It prospered by exporting wool and woollen cloth, and importing wine and timber. Hull also established a flourishing commerce with the [[Baltic Sea|Baltic]] ports of the [[Hanseatic League]].<ref name="VCHULL1">{{cite book
|url = http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=66770
|editor-last = Allison
|editor-first = K.&nbsp;J.
|title = A History of the County of York East Riding: Volume 1: The City of Kingston upon Hull
|year = 1969
|series = [[Victoria County History]]
|access-date = 16 February 2008}}
</ref>

From its medieval beginnings, Hull's main trading links were with Scotland and northern Europe. Scandinavia, the Baltic and the Low Countries were all key trading areas for Hull's merchants. In addition, there was trade with France, Spain and Portugal.<ref name="VCHULL"/>

Sir [[William de la Pole of Hull|William de la Pole]] was the town's first mayor.<ref name="bbc_river_hull_walkway">{{cite web
|url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/humber/content/articles/2005/07/06/coast05walks_stage4.shtml
|title = Point 4: River Hull Walkway
|work = BBC Humber
|access-date = 22 September 2007
|date = 5 October 2005}}
</ref> A prosperous merchant, de la Pole founded a family that became prominent in government.<ref name="VCHULL"/> Another successful son of a Hull trading family was bishop [[John Alcock (bishop)|John Alcock]], who founded [[Jesus College, Cambridge]] and was a patron of the grammar school in Hull.<ref name="VCHULL"/> The increase in trade after the discovery of the Americas and the town's maritime connections are thought to have played a part in the introduction of a virulent strain of [[syphilis]] through Hull and on into Europe from the [[New World]].<ref name="vikings">{{cite news
|url = https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-wellbeing/health-news/english-syphilis-epidemic-predated-european-outbreaks-by-150-years-706243.html
|title = English syphilis epidemic pre-dated European outbreaks by 150 years
|last = Keys
|first = David
|access-date = 25 February 2013
|newspaper = The Independent
|date = 24 July 2000
|location = London
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111110103058/http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/english-syphilis-epidemic-predated-european-outbreaks-by-150-years-706243.html
|archive-date = 10 November 2011}}
</ref>

[[File:Hull1866.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.35|Hull in 1866]]
The town prospered during the 16th and early 17th&nbsp;centuries,<ref name="VCHULL"/> and Hull's affluence at this time is preserved in the form of several well-maintained buildings from the period, including [[Wilberforce House]], now a museum documenting the life of [[William Wilberforce]].<ref name="VCHULL"/>

During the [[English Civil War]], Hull became strategically important because of the large [[arsenal]] located there. Very early in the war, on 11 January 1642, the king named the [[William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle|Earl of Newcastle]] governor of Hull while Parliament nominated Sir [[Sir John Hotham, 1st Baronet|John Hotham]] and asked his son, Captain John Hotham, to secure the town at once.<ref name="VCHULL"/> Sir John Hotham and Hull corporation declared support for [[roundhead|Parliament]] and denied [[Charles I of England|Charles I]] entry into the town.<ref name="VCHULL"/> Charles I responded to these events by [[Siege of Hull (1642)|besieging the town]].<ref name="VCHULL"/> This siege helped precipitate open conflict between the forces of Parliament and those of the [[Cavalier|Royalists]].<ref name="VCHULL"/>
[[File:Parliament Street, Kingston upon Hull, Jun23.jpg|thumb|right|[[Parliament Street, Hull|Parliament Street]], a [[Georgian architecture|Georgian]] thoroughfare in the city centre, with [[Whitefriargate]] in the distance]]

After the Civil War, docks were built along the route of the [[Fortifications of Kingston upon Hull|town walls]], which were demolished. The first dock (1778, renamed [[Queen's Dock, Hull|Queen's Dock]] in 1854) was built in the area occupied by Beverley and North gates, and the intermediate walls, which were demolished, a second dock ([[Humber Dock, Hull|Humber Dock]], 1809) was built on the land between Hessle and Myton gates, and a third dock between the two was opened 1829 as [[Junction Dock, Hull|Junction Dock]] (later [[Prince's Dock, Hull|Prince's Dock]]).<ref>{{cite book| first1 = Edward |last1 = Gillett| first2 = Kenneth A. |last2 = MacMahon| title = A History of Hull|publisher = Oxford University Press| year = 1980| isbn = 0-19-713436-X | pages = 220–4}}</ref>

[[Whaling]] played a major role in the town's fortunes until the mid-19th&nbsp;century.<ref name="VCHULL"/> As sail power gave way to steam, Hull's trading links extended throughout the world. Docks were opened to serve the frozen meat trade of Australia, New Zealand and South America. Hull was also the centre of a thriving inland and coastal trading network, serving the whole of the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web
 |url         = http://www.hullhistorycentre.org.uk/discover/pdf/HullsDocksandTrade%20Oct2011.pdf
 |title       = Hull's docks and trade
 |publisher   = Hull City Council
 |date        = 5 October 2011
 |access-date  = 25 February 2013
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20130525065420/http://www.hullhistorycentre.org.uk/discover/pdf/HullsDocksandTrade%20Oct2011.pdf
 |archive-date = 25 May 2013
}}
</ref>

===City status===
Throughout the second half of the 19th&nbsp;century and leading up to the First World War, the [[Port of Hull]] played a major role in the emigration of Northern European settlers to the New World, with thousands of emigrants sailing to Hull and stopping for administrative purposes before travelling on to Liverpool and then North America.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.norwayheritage.com/articles/templates/voyages.asp?articleid=28&zoneid=6
|title = Migration from Northern Europe to America via the Port of Hull, 1848–1914
|publisher = WISE (Wilberforce Institute for the study of Slavery and Emancipation), University of Hull
|last = Evans
|first = Nicholas J.
|year = 1999
|access-date = 28 January 2010
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100308093051/http://www.norwayheritage.com/articles/templates/voyages.asp?articleid=28&zoneid=6
|archive-date = 8 March 2010
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>

Parallel to this growth in passenger shipping was the emergence of the [[Wilson Line of Hull]] (which had been founded in 1825 by [[Thomas Wilson (shipping magnate)|Thomas Wilson]]). By the early 20th&nbsp;century, the company had grown – largely through its monopolisation of North Sea passenger routes and later mergers and acquisitions – to be the largest privately owned shipping company in the world, with over 100 ships sailing to different parts of the globe. The Wilson Line was sold to the [[Ellerman Lines]] – which itself was owned by Hull-born magnate (and the richest man in Britain at the time) Sir [[Sir John Ellerman, 1st Baronet|John Ellerman]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.hull.ac.uk/oldlib/archives/busrec/eller.html
|title = Archives and Special Collections: Subject guides – Business Records
|publisher = Archives and Special Collections, Brynmor Jones Library, University of Hull
|access-date = 25 July 2010}}
</ref>

Hull's prosperity peaked in the decades just before the [[First World War]]; it was during this time, in 1897, that [[City status in the United Kingdom|city status]] was granted.<ref name="hcc_history_of_hull"/> Many of the suburban areas on the western side of Hull were built in the 1930s, particularly Willerby Road and Anlaby Park, as well as most of [[Willerby, East Riding of Yorkshire|Willerby]] itself. <!--This was part of the biggest British housing boom of the 20th&nbsp;century (possibly ever).{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}-->

===Wartime bombing===
{{Main|Hull Blitz}}
The city's port and industrial facilities, its proximity to [[mainland Europe]] and ease of location being on a big estuary, led to much damage from bombing during the [[Second World War]]; much of the city centre was destroyed.<ref name="VCHULL"/> Hull had 95 per cent of its houses damaged or destroyed, making it the second most severely bombed British city or town by number of damaged or destroyed buildings, after from London, during the Second World War.<ref>{{cite news
|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/humber/6324301.stm
|title = Listed status for bombed cinema
|access-date = 2 February 2007
|date = 2 February 2007
|work = BBC News}}
</ref> More than 1,200 people died in air raids on the city and some 3,000 others were injured.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.rhaywood.karoo.net/bombmap.htm
|title = Hull Bombing Map
|publisher = Rob & Val Haywood
|access-date = 13 May 2010
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100213042224/http://www.rhaywood.karoo.net/bombmap.htm
|archive-date = 13 February 2010
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>

The worst of the bombing occurred in 1941. Little was known about this destruction by the rest of the country at the time, since most of the radio and newspaper reports did not reveal Hull by name but referred to it as "a North-East town" or "a northern coastal town".<ref>{{cite book
|last = Geraghty
|first = T.
|title = A North East Coast Town
|year = 1989
|publisher = Mr Pye Books
|page = 7
|isbn = 978-0-946289-45-5}}
</ref> Most of the city centre was rebuilt after the war. In 2006 researchers found documents in the local archives that suggested an unexploded wartime bomb might be buried beneath the Boom, in Hull a redevelopment.<ref>{{cite news
|url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1507910/Risk-to-builders-from-wartime-bombs.html
|title = Risk to builders from wartime bombs
|newspaper = The Daily Telegraph
|access-date = 29 April 2009
|last = Stokes
|first = Paul
|location = London
|date = 16 January 2006}}
</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/insideout/yorkslincs/series9/week_two.shtml
|title = BBC Inside Out
|publisher = BBC
|access-date = 29 April 2009}}
</ref>

After the decline of the whaling industry after the Second World War, emphasis shifted to deep-sea [[trawling]] until the [[Cod Wars|Anglo-Icelandic Cod War]] of 1975–1976. The conditions set at the end of this dispute started Hull's economic decline.<ref name="VCHULL"/>

===City of Culture===
{{Main|UK City of Culture}}
[[File:Hull City Hall illuminated at the opening event for Hull City of Culture 2017 event 4.jpg|thumb|Hull City Hall during the opening event for Hull City of Culture 2017 event]]
In 2017 Hull was awarded the title of 'City of Culture' by the Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britishcouncil.org/arts/hull-city-culture-tour/city-of-culture|title=Hull: City of Culture |publisher= British Council|access-date=26 November 2019}}</ref> There were festivals in public spaces to promote the city and its new title. At the start of the year there was a huge firework display attracting a crowd of 25,000.<ref>{{cite news |title=UK City of Culture: Fireworks and projections start Hull 2017 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-humber-38483517 |access-date=10 November 2024 |work=BBC News |date=1 January 2017}}</ref>
{{clear}}