Editing Kingdom of Ireland (section)

==History==
{{Main|History of Ireland (1536–1691)|History of Ireland (1691–1800)}}

===Background===

{{See also|Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland|Lordship of Ireland}}

The [[papal bull]] ''[[Laudabiliter]]''<ref>[[Disputed]]</ref> of [[Pope Adrian IV]] was issued in 1155. It authorized the [[House of Plantagenet|Angevin]] King [[Henry II of England]]  to [[Norman invasion of Ireland|invade Ireland]], to bring the country into the European sphere. In return, Henry was required to remit a [[penny]] per [[hearth]] of the tax roll to the Pope. This was reconfirmed by Adrian's successor [[Pope Alexander III]] in 1172. Henry then made his son John ''Dominus Hibernae'' (Latin for "Lord of Ireland") with the intent on later making John King of Ireland.

When [[Pope Clement VII]] excommunicated the king of England, [[Henry VIII]], in 1533, the constitutional position of the lordship in Ireland became uncertain. Henry had broken away from the Holy See and declared himself the head of the Church in [[England]]. He had petitioned Rome to procure an [[annulment]] of his marriage to [[Catherine of Aragon]]. Clement VII refused Henry's request and Henry subsequently refused to recognise the Roman [[Catholic Church]]'s vestigial sovereignty over Ireland, and was excommunicated again in late 1538 by [[Pope Paul III]]. The [[Treason Act (Ireland) 1537]] was passed to counteract this.

===Tudor Ireland===
{{See also|Tudor conquest of Ireland}}
[[File:The Image of Irelande - plate05.jpg|thumb|English soldiers return from a battle with cattle, severed Irish heads, and Irish captives, from ''[[The Image of Irelande, with a Discoverie of Woodkarne|The Image of Irelande]]'', 1581]]
Following the failed revolt of [[Silken Thomas]] in 1534–35, [[Leonard Grey, 1st Viscount Grane|Grey]], the lord deputy, had some military successes against several clans in the late 1530s, and [[Surrender and regrant|took their submissions]]. By 1540 most of Ireland seemed at peace and under the control of the king's Dublin administration; a situation that was not to last for long.{{sfn|MacCaffrey|1914}}

In 1542, the Kingdom of Ireland was established by the Parliament of Ireland through the Crown of Ireland Act. This act declared [[Henry VIII|King Henry VIII]] of England as the King of Ireland, thus creating a separate political entity known as the Kingdom of Ireland. The act marked a significant shift in Ireland's political landscape, as it sought to consolidate English control over the island and bring it under closer royal governance. The Kingdom of Ireland existed alongside the Lordship of Ireland, which was held by the English monarchs prior to the establishment of the kingdom.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ellis |title=Ireland in the Age of the Tudors: The Destruction of Hiberno-Norman Civilization |date=17 August 1999 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-0649-1903-6}}</ref> The new kingdom was not recognised by the Catholic monarchies in Europe. After the death of [[Edward VI]], Henry's son, the papal bull of 1555 recognised the Roman Catholic [[Mary I]] as Queen of Ireland.<ref name=bull/> The link of "personal union" of the Crown of Ireland to the Crown of England became enshrined in Catholic [[canon law]]. In this fashion, the Kingdom of Ireland was ruled by the reigning [[monarch of England]]. This placed the new Kingdom of Ireland in [[personal union]] with the [[Kingdom of England]].

In line with its expanded role and self-image, the administration established the [[King's Inns]] for barristers in 1541, and the [[Norroy and Ulster King of Arms|Ulster King of Arms]] to regulate [[heraldry]] in 1552. Proposals to establish a [[University of Dublin|university in Dublin]] were delayed until 1592.

In 1593 war broke out, as [[Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone|Hugh O'Neill]], Earl of Tyrone, led a confederation of Irish lords and [[Habsburg Spain|Spain]] against the crown, in what later became known as the [[Nine Years' War (Ireland)|Nine Years' War]]. A series of stunning Irish victories brought English power in Ireland to the point of collapse by the beginning of 1600, but a renewed campaign under Charles Blount, [[Charles Blount, 1st Earl of Devon|Lord Mountjoy]] forced Tyrone to submit in 1603, completing the Tudor conquest of Ireland.<ref>{{Cite book |last=O'Neill |first=James |title=The Nine Years War, 1593-1603: O'Neill, Mountjoy and the Military Revolution |date=2017 |publisher=Four Courts Press |isbn=9781846827549 |location=Dublin}}</ref>

===Stuart Ireland===
{{Main|History of Ireland (1536–1691)}}
{{Further|Irish Confederate Wars|Cromwellian conquest of Ireland}}

In 1603 James VI [[King of Scots]] became [[James VI and I|James I of England and Ireland]], uniting the Kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland in a [[personal union]]. James established the [[Plantation of Ulster]] in 1606, the largest of all English and Scottish plantations in Ireland. It had a lasting legacy; into the 20th century, most of Ulster had a [[Ulster Protestants|Protestant]] and [[Ulster unionism|Pro-Union]] majority in its population.{{sfn|Stewart|1989|p=38}}

The political order of the kingdom was interrupted by the [[Wars of the Three Kingdoms]] starting in 1639. During the subsequent [[Interregnum (England)|interregnum]] period, England, Scotland and Ireland were ruled as a republic until 1660. This period saw the rise of the loyalist [[Irish Catholic Confederation]] within the kingdom and, from 1653, the creation of the republican [[Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland]]. The kingdom's order was restored 1660 with [[Restoration (Ireland)|the restoration]] of [[Charles II of England|Charles II]]. Without any public dissent, Charles's reign was backdated to his father's execution in 1649.

===Grattan's Patriots===
{{main|Irish Patriot Party}}

Poynings' Law was repealed in 1782 in what came to be known as the [[Constitution of 1782]], granting Ireland legislative independence. Parliament in this period came to be known as [[Grattan's Parliament]], after the principal Irish leader of the period, [[Henry Grattan]]. Although Ireland had legislative independence, executive administration remained under the control of the executive of the Kingdom of Great Britain. In 1788–1789 a Regency crisis arose when King [[George III]] became ill. Grattan wanted to appoint the Prince of Wales, later [[George IV]], as Regent of Ireland. The king recovered before this could be enacted.

===United Irishmen===
[[File:Charlotte Schreiber - The Croppy Boy.jpg|thumb|[[Charlotte Schreiber]]'s ''The Croppy Boy'' (1879), relating to the United Irishmen's [[Wexford Rebellion]]. A man, possibly a rebel from his green cravat, kneels before a Catholic priest who is covertly in military uniform. The church hierarchy opposed the rebellion.]]

The [[Irish Rebellion of 1798]], and the rebels' alliance with Great Britain's longtime enemy the French, led to a push to bring Ireland formally into the British Union. By the [[Acts of Union 1800]], voted for by both Irish and British Parliaments, the Kingdom of Ireland merged on 1 January 1801 with the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]] to form the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]]. The Irish Parliament ceased to exist, though the executive, presided over by the Lord Lieutenant, remained in place until 1922.{{sfn|de Beaumont|2006| pp=114-115}}