Editing King's Cross fire (section)

==Fire==
[[King's Cross St Pancras tube station]] has subsurface platforms for the [[Metropolitan line|Metropolitan]], [[Circle Line (London Underground)|Circle]], and [[Hammersmith & City line]]s.{{efn|At the time of the fire, the Hammersmith & City line was treated as part of the Metropolitan line; it was not shown as a separate line until 1990.}} Deeper underground are the platforms for the [[Northern line]] City branch and the [[Piccadilly line|Piccadilly]] and [[Victoria line]]s. An escalator shaft led down to the Victoria line and another led down to the Piccadilly line, and from that to the Northern line. Stairs connected the Piccadilly and Victoria line platforms{{sfn|Fennell|1988|loc=figure 6}} and from these there was a subway to [[King's Cross Thameslink railway station]] platforms used by [[British Rail]] Midland City (later [[Thameslink (route)|Thameslink]]) trains to {{rws|Moorgate}} and an entrance in [[Pentonville Road]].{{sfn|Fennell|1988|loc=figure 5}}

At approximately 19:30,<ref name=nov18/> several passengers reported seeing a fire on a Piccadilly line [[escalator]]. Officers of the [[British Transport Police]] (BTP) and station staff went to investigate and on confirming the fire one of the policemen went to the surface to radio for the [[London Fire Brigade]] (LFB),{{sfn|Fennell|1988|p=49}} which sent four fire appliances and a [[turntable ladder]] at 19:36.{{sfn|Fennell|1988|p=50}} The fire was beneath the escalator and was impossible to reach by use of a fire extinguisher. There was water fog equipment, but staff had not been trained in its use.{{sfn|Fennell|1988|pp=51, 62}} At 19:39, BTP officers made the decision to evacuate the station using the Victoria line escalators.{{sfn|Fennell|1988|p=51}} The LFB arrived a few minutes later, and several firemen went down to the escalator to assess the fire. They saw a fire about the size of a large cardboard box, and planned to fight it with a water jet and men with breathing apparatus.{{sfn|Fennell|1988|p=52}}

At 19:42, the entire escalator was aflame, producing superheated gas that rose to the top of the shaft enclosing the escalator, where it was trapped against the tunnel ceiling, which was covered with about twenty layers of old paint from past repainting. As the superheated gases pooled along the ceiling of the escalator shaft, the layers of paint began absorbing the heat. A few years before the fire, the Underground's director of operations had warned that the accumulated paint might pose a fire hazard. However, painting protocols were not in his purview, and his suggestion was widely ignored by his colleagues.<ref>{{cite book |last=Duhigg |first=Charles |title=[[The Power of Habit: Why We Do What We Do in Life and Business]] |year=2012 |page=171 |publisher=Random House Publishing |isbn=978-0812981605}}</ref>

At 19:45, there was a [[flashover]] and a jet of flames shot up the escalator shaft, filling the ticket hall with intense heat and thick black smoke,{{sfn|Fennell|1988|p=53}} killing or seriously injuring most of the people still in the ticket hall.{{sfn|Fennell|1988|p=100}} This trapped below ground several hundred people, who escaped on Victoria line trains.{{sfn|Fennell|1988|p=54}} A police constable, Richard Kukielka, found a seriously injured man and tried to evacuate him via the Midland City platforms, but found the way blocked by a locked [[Bostwick gate]]{{efn|A collapsible lattice gate often used in Tube stations, old-style [[Elevator|lifts]] etc.}} until it was unlocked by a passing cleaner.{{sfn|Fennell|1988|pp=54, 56}} Staff and a policewoman trapped on a Metropolitan line platform were rescued by a train.{{sfn|Fennell|1988|p=54}}

At 22:00, the full horror of the fire blaze was evident, after the death toll jumped to 28. David Fitzsimons, a Metropolitan Police superintendent, told reporters: "We are talking about a major tragedy; many people are horribly burned."<ref>{{cite web |title='Excuse Me, I Think There's a Fire ...' |url=https://apnews.com/681783e8d0d84663ffa0903147011c15 |publisher=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref>

Thirty fire crews{{mdash}}over 150 firefighters{{mdash}}were deployed.{{sfn|Fennell|1988|p=82}} Fourteen [[London Ambulance Service]] ambulances ferried the injured to local hospitals, including [[University College Hospital]].{{sfn|Fennell|1988|p=91}} The fire was declared out at 01:46 the following day.{{sfn|Fennell|1988|p=57}} On a television programme about the fire, an official described King's Cross underground station's layout as "an efficient furnace".<ref>{{cite book|title=Disaster Victim Identification, Experience and Practice|editor1=S. Black|editor2=G. Sunderland|editor3=L. Hackman|editor4=X. Mallett|publisher=[[CRC Press]]|year=2011|page=66|isbn=9781420094121|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7HAymQf1tUIC&dq=%22king%27s+cross%22+%22efficient+furnace%22&pg=PA66}}</ref>