Editing King's College, Cambridge (section)

== History ==
[[File:King Henry VI from NPG.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|left|[[Henry VI of England|Henry VI]], the college's founder]]

=== Foundation ===

On 12 February 1441, [[Henry VI of England|King Henry VI]] issued [[letters patent]] founding a college at Cambridge for a rector and 12 poor scholars.{{sfn|Saltmarsh|1959}}  This college was to be named after [[Saint Nicholas]] upon whose feast day Henry had been born.{{sfn|Austen-Leigh|1899|pp=3–4}}  The first stone of the college's Old Court was laid by the King on [[Passion Sunday]], 2 April 1441 on a site which lies directly north of the modern college and which was formerly a garden belonging to [[Trinity Hall, Cambridge|Trinity Hall]].  William Millington, a fellow of [[Clare College]] (then called Clare Hall) was installed as the rector.{{sfn|Fay|1907|pp = 5, 8, 49}}

[[File:King's College, Cambridge by Loggan 1690 - sanders 6177.jpg|right|upright=1.2|thumb|Old Court]]
Henry directed the publication of the college's first governing statutes in 1443. His original modest plan for the college was abandoned, and provision was instead made for a community of 70 fellows and scholars headed by a provost. Henry had belatedly learned of [[William of Wykeham]]'s 1379 twin foundations of [[New College, Oxford]] and [[Winchester College]], and wanted his own achievements to surpass those of Wykeham.<ref name="infobrit">{{cite web |url=http://www.infobritain.co.uk/Henry_The_Sixth.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071026213450/http://www.infobritain.co.uk/Henry_The_Sixth.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 October 2007 |title=Henry VI |work=Monarchs and Royals |publisher=InfoBritain |access-date=19 July 2012 }}</ref> The King had founded [[Eton College]] on 11 October 1440 but, up until 1443, King's and Eton had been unconnected.{{sfn|Fay|1907|p = 49}}  However, that year the relationship between the two was remodelled upon Wykeham's successful institutions and the original sizes of the colleges scaled up to surpass Wykeham's. A second royal charter which re-founded the now much larger King's College was issued on 12 July 1443.  On 1 September 1444, the Provosts of King's and Eton and the Wardens of Winchester and New College formally signed the ''Amicabilis Concordia'' ("friendly agreement") in which they bound their colleges to support one another legally and financially.<ref name="eton-history">{{Cite web | url = http://www.etoncollege.com/userfiles/file/Eton%20history.pdf | title = Eton College History | access-date = 17 July 2012 | publisher = Eton College | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120608010713/http://etoncollege.com/userfiles/file/Eton%20history.pdf | archive-date = 8 June 2012 | url-status = dead }}</ref>{{sfn|Austen-Leigh|1899|p=15}}

Members of King's were to be recruited entirely from Eton. Each year, the provost and two fellows travelled to Eton to impartially select the worthiest boys to fill any vacancies at the college, always maintaining the total number of scholars and fellows at exactly 70.{{sfn|Fay|1907|p = 52}}  Membership of King's was a vocation for life.  Scholars were eligible for election to the fellowship after three years of probation, irrespective of whether they had achieved a degree or not. Undergraduates at King's – unlike those from other colleges – did not have to pass university examinations to achieve their BA degree and instead had only to satisfy the college.  Every fellow was to study theology, save for two who were to study astronomy, two civil law, four canon law, and two medicine; all fellows save those studying secular subjects were obliged to take [[Holy Orders]] and become priests, on pain of expulsion.{{sfn|Austen-Leigh|1899|p=11}}{{sfn|Fay|1907|p=54}}{{sfn|Saltmarsh|1959}}  In 1445, a [[Papal Bull]] from [[Eugenius IV]] exempted college members from parish duties, and in 1457, an agreement between the provost and [[Chancellor (education)|chancellor]] of the university limited the chancellor's authority and gave the college full jurisdiction over internal matters.

[[File:Historical plan of King's College, Cambridge - unbuilt 1440s scheme (1897) - cambridgedescri00atkiuoft 0449.png|thumb|upright=1.2|Henry VI's revised plan for the college]]

=== Henry VI, Henry VII and Henry VIII ===
The original plans for Old Court were too small comfortably to accommodate the larger college community of the second foundation, and so in 1443 Henry VI began to purchase the land upon which the modern college now stands. The gateway and south range of Old Court had already been built, but the rest was completed in a temporary fashion to serve until the new court was ready. The new college site was itself left unfinished and the "temporary" Old Court buildings, arranged to accommodate 70, served as the permanent residential fabric of the college until the beginning of the 19th century.{{sfn|Fay|1907|pp=8–9}}{{sfn|Austen-Leigh|1899|p=6}} Henry's grand design for the new college buildings survives in the 1448 ''Founder's Will'', which describes his vision in detail. The new college site was to be centred on a great courtyard, bordered on all sides by adjoining buildings: a chapel to the north; accommodation and the entrance gate to the east; further accommodation and the provost's lodge to the south; and a library, hall and buttery to the west. Behind the hall and buttery was to be another courtyard, and behind the library a cloistered cemetery including a magnificent bell tower.

[[File:20130808 Kings College Chapel 01.jpg|thumb|upright=1.8|left|The College Chapel, as first planned by Henry VI. The building line between light and dark stone can be seen on the chapel's side.]]
The first stone of the chapel was laid by the King on St James's Day, 25 July 1446. The King encouraged support for the college. In 1448, John Conches, former prior of [[Wootton Wawen]] gave the priory's lands to ''"John Chedworth provost of the king's college of St. Mary and St. Nicholas Cantebrigge and the scholars thereof, and to their successors."''<ref>{{cite web |last1=Flower |first1=C T |title=Close Rolls, Henry VI: May 1448 Pages 63-66 Calendar of Close Rolls, Henry VI: Volume 5, 1447-1454. Originally published by His Majesty's Stationery Office, London, 1947. |url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-close-rolls/hen6/vol5/pp63-66 |website=British History Online |access-date=8 August 2020}}</ref> Within a decade Henry's engagement in the [[Wars of the Roses]] meant that funds began to dry up. By the time of Henry's deposition in 1461, the chapel walls had been raised 60&nbsp;ft high at the east end but only 8&nbsp;ft at the west; a building line which can still be seen today as the boundary between the lighter stone below and the darker above. Work proceeded sporadically until a generation later in 1508 when the Founder's nephew [[Henry VII of England|Henry VII]] was prevailed upon to finish the shell of the building. The interior had to wait a further generation until completion by 1544 with the aid of [[Henry VIII]]. The chapel was the only part of Henry VI's ''Founder's Will'' to be realised.

[[File:King's College Chapel - stonework detail - Cambridge - UK - 2007.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Royal arms of England|Coat of arms of King Henry VII]], interior stonework of the chapel's west end]]
It has been speculated that the choice of the college as a beneficiary by the two later Henrys was a political one, with Henry VII in particular concerned to legitimate a new, post-civil war Tudor regime by demonstrating patronage of what was by definition the King's College. Later building work on the chapel is marked by an uninhibited branding with the Tudor rose and other symbols of the new establishment, quite against the precise instructions of the ''Founder's Will''.

[[File:King's College - Gibbs' Building.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|left|The Gibbs' Building]]

=== Front Court completed ===

The college remained as the Old Court, chapel and a few small surrounding buildings for nearly two-hundred years until in 1724 the architect [[James Gibbs]] provided a new plan to complete the courtyard of which the chapel formed the north side.  Although his design was for the courtyard to be closed by three similar detached [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] buildings, due to lack of funds only the western of these was constructed.  The first stone of what became known as the Gibbs' Building was laid by Provost [[Andrew Snape]], at the time also [[Chancellor (education)#Vice-chancellor|vice-chancellor]] of the university, on 25 March 1723 and the building completed six years later.

[[File:King's College, Cambridge2.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|The east and south sides of Front Court, designed by William Wilkins]]
Front Court was finally completed in 1828 under plans drawn up by [[William Wilkins (architect)|William Wilkins]].  The courtyard was closed by a screen and gatehouse to the east; and residential staircases either side of a hall to the south.  The southern buildings continued towards the river with a library and Provost's lodge.  All these buildings were, at the college's insistence, built in the [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revival]] style rather than Wilkins's preferred Neoclassical.<ref name="kings-history">{{Cite web |url=http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/about/history.html |title=College history |access-date=17 July 2012 |publisher=King's College, Cambridge |archive-date=22 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100222010329/http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/about/history.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

With the courtyard to the south of the chapel now able to accommodate the college, the land to the north was sold to the university in 1828.  It has been erroneously claimed that this was the site of the world's first bonsai tree, cultivated in King's College in the mid 18th century.<ref>Sargent, Andrew. Secret Cambridge. Amberley Publishing, 2018.</ref><ref>Taylor, Alison. Cambridge : The Hidden History. Stroud: Tempus, 2001.</ref><ref>History
of Bonsai https://www.bonsaiempire.com/origin/bonsai-history</ref>The university demolished most of the original Old Court buildings in order to make room for an extension to the [[Cambridge University Library|University Library]]; only the gateway arch opposite Clare College survives.  The library subsequently moved away from this site, known as the [[Old Schools]], and the buildings are currently used for the main administrative offices of the university.{{r|kings-history}}{{sfn|Fay|1907|p = 10}}

=== Victorian reforms and expansion ===

[[File:Scott's Building, King's College - geograph.org.uk - 818428.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.2|Scott's Building]]

Under the provostship of Richard Okes, from 1850 until his death in 1888, the college began a period of reform.  On 1 May 1851 it was agreed to abolish the privilege of King's members to be granted a degree without passing the university examinations. In 1861 the college statutes were amended so as to expand the college and, more radically, to allow for the election of non-Etonian King's members: the new statutes provided for 46 Fellows, 24 scholarships reserved for boys from Eton, and 24 "open" scholarships for boys from any school. At the same time all formal obligation to take Holy Orders – unenforced since the 17th century – was removed.{{sfn|Austen-Leigh|1899|pp=150, 221, 279}}  The statutes were again amended in 1882, this time ensuring fellowships were not always for life and were awarded on merit after submissions of original research. In his 1930 memoir ''As We Were, A Victorian Peep Show'',<ref>{{Cite book|title=As We Were, A Victorian Peep-Show|last=Benson|first=Edward Frederic|publisher=Longmans, Green And CO.|year=1930|isbn=0701205881|location=London, New York, Toronto|pages=[https://archive.org/details/aswewerevictoria00bens/page/124 124]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/aswewerevictoria00bens/page/124}}</ref> [[E. F. Benson]], an alumnus of King's,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2016.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=BN887EF&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50|title=A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge|last=Benson|first=Edward Frederic|website=A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge|archive-url=https://archive.today/20180313195003/http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2016.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=BN887EF&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50|archive-date=13 March 2018|url-status=live|access-date=13 March 2018}}</ref> recollected the peculiar behaviour of some of the surviving Life Fellows from his undergraduate years of 1887–1890 and before.   Of one he wrote, "He then shuffled out on to the big lawn, with a stick in his hand, and he prodded with it at the worms in the grass, muttering to himself, 'Ah, damn ye: ye haven't got me yet.'" The first non-Etonian students were admitted to study at King's in 1865, and the first non-Etonian scholars and the first non-Etonian fellow were elected in 1873. These reforms continued over subsequent decades and there are now no special privileges for Etonians at King's.

[[File:Bodley's Court, Kings College, Cambridge - geograph.org.uk - 849323.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Bodley's Court]]
Expansion of the college through the 1861 statutes necessitated more building work to accommodate the larger community. In 1869, the area along [[King's Parade]] between the Wilkins' Buildings and King's Lane was built upon after a design by [[George Gilbert Scott]].  When completed a year later, the new courtyard formed was named after Walter Chetwynd, a fellow of the college.{{r|kings-history}}{{sfn|Fay|1907|pp = 40–41}}  However, after subsequent plans to expand college accommodation fell through, King's opened negotiations to amalgamate with [[St Catharine's College, Cambridge|St Catharine's College]]. Although St Catharine's had been founded by [[Robert Woodlark]] (sometimes spelled Wodelarke), a Provost of King's, the college declined the invitation to combine.{{sfn|Fay|1907|p = 42}}  Eventually, in 1893, the east and south wings of another new courtyard within King's – designed by [[George Frederick Bodley]] and overlooking the river – were completed.{{sfn|Fay|1907|pp = 42–43}}

=== 20th century ===

In 1909, the south range of a third new courtyard – named after its architect [[Aston Webb]] – was built to the south of the library.  In 1927, designs by G.&nbsp;L.&nbsp;Kennedy completed Bodley's Court with a new northern range, and Webb's Court with a new Provost's Lodge on its western side.{{sfn|Saltmarsh|1959}}{{r|kings-history}}

In 1930, a [[Cambridgeshire Constabulary|Cambridge Borough Police]] officer was shot dead by a student who also shot his tutor in the same incident.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.policememorial.org.uk/index.php?page=cambridgeshire-constabulary | title=Cambridgeshire Constabulary | work=National Police Officers Roll of Honour and Remembrance in Memory of British Police Officers who Lost their Lives in the Line of Duty | publisher=Police Roll of Honour Trust | access-date= 19 July 2012}}</ref>

On 1 September 1939, the day of the [[Invasion of Poland|German invasion of Poland]] and the cause of the UK's entrance into [[World War II]], permission was sought from the College Council to remove the stained glass from the east window of the chapel. By the end of 1941, all the ancient glass had been removed to various cellars in Cambridge for safekeeping.  Despite most of the windows of the chapel being covered over by sheets of tar-paper, which rattled loudly in the wind, the Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols continued to be broadcast from the chapel every Christmas Eve throughout the war – even though the name of the college could not be broadcast for security reasons. King's took the opportunity of these years to clean, repair and photograph the glass. By 1949, all the windows had been restored.<ref name="kings-9lessons"/><ref name="kings-saveglass">{{cite web|title=Saving the Chapel windows|url=http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/archive-centre/college-archives/tour/buildings/windows.html|access-date=19 July 2012|work=Archive Centre|publisher=King's College, Cambridge}}</ref>

[[File:King's College Chapel, Cambridge, altare.JPG|thumb|upright=1.7|left|[[Rubens]]' ''Adoration of the Magi'' behind the chapel altar]]
In 1961, the property millionaire [[Alfred Ernest Allnatt]] offered King's the ''[[Adoration of the Magi (Rubens, Cambridge)|Adoration of the Magi]]'' by [[Peter Paul Rubens]], which he had purchased in 1959 for a world-record price.  The college accepted "this munificent gift" with the intention of displaying the painting in the chapel, possibly as an altarpiece. The painting was initially displayed in the antechapel but a significant faction of the fellowship – including [[Michael Jaffé]] and the Provost [[Noel Annan, Baron Annan|Noel Annan]] – were determined for the painting to become the focal point of an entirely redesigned east end planned by the architect Sir Martyn Beckett, who was "philosophical about the furore this inevitably occasioned – which quickly became acceptance of a solution to a difficult problem."<ref>{{cite news |title=Obituary: Sir Martyn Beckett, Bt |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1336490/Sir-Martyn-Beckett-Bt.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1336490/Sir-Martyn-Beckett-Bt.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=2 September 2019 |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=6 August 2001}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

As the first stage of this project, the Edwardian [[reredos]] and 17th-century wood panelling were removed and the Rubens installed in their stead behind the altar in April 1964.  The painting was so big that the raised floor of the chapel's east end, required by the 1448 ''Founder's Will'', would have to be levelled so as to prevent the [[baroque]] artwork obscuring the bottom of the Tudor east window.  However 20 fellows and the honorary fellow [[E.&nbsp;M.&nbsp;Forster]] signed a letter urging the college to reverse its plan and "admit that it has made a mistake"; the levelling of the floor nevertheless went ahead. The newly refitted east end opened in 1968 and proved highly controversial, with the ''[[Architects' Journal]]'' criticising it as "motivated not by the demands of liturgical worship but by those of museum display."<ref name="indy-rubens">{{cite news|title=A season for crying in the chapel: Millions will enjoy today's festival of carols from King's College, Cambridge. But Graham Chainey mourns a botched 'restoration'|first=Graham |last=Chainey|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/a-season-for-crying-in-the-chapel-millions-will-enjoy-todays-festival-of-carols-from-kings-college-cambridge-but-graham-chainey-mourns-a-botched-restoration-1565376.html|access-date= 19 July 2012 | newspaper= The Independent | location=London | date=24 December 1992}}</ref>

The last main-site building to be erected by the college was the Keynes Building, finished in 1967 and named after the former college bursar [[John Maynard Keynes]].  This building enclosed Chetwynd Court along with the Wilkins' and Scott's buildings, and provided more than 70 en-suite accommodation rooms along with other facilities.{{r|kings-history}}

The first women students arrived at King's in 1972, one of the first three previously all-male colleges to admit women.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-08-31 |title=Five decades after Cambridge colleges went co-ed, too little has changed|first=Stella|last=Hughes |newspaper=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/db52b02b-088f-4bfc-8e66-ce7dda0267fc |access-date=2023-04-25}}</ref>

The college, along with most others at the university, had been all-male since its foundation. However, under the provost [[Edmund Leach]], King's together with [[Churchill College|Churchill]] and Clare became the first three previously all-male colleges to admit women.

Henry VI is not completely forgotten at the college.  The Saturday after the end of [[Michaelmas term]] each year is Founder's Day, which begins with a Founder's Eucharist in the chapel, followed by a Founder's Breakfast with ale and culminating in a sumptuous dinner in his memory called "Founder's Feast" to which all members of college in their third year of studies are invited.