Editing Keith Richards (section)

==Early life==
Richards was born on 18 December 1943 at Livingston Hospital, in [[Dartford]], Kent, England.{{sfn|Richards|Fox|2010|p=21}} He is the only child of Doris Maud Lydia (née Dupree) and Herbert William Richards. His father was a factory worker who was wounded in the [[Second World War]] during the [[Normandy invasion]].{{sfn|Bockris|2003|p=17-18}} Richards's paternal grandparents, Ernie and Eliza Richards, were socialists and civic leaders, whom he credited as "more or less creat[ing] the Walthamstow [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]]", and both were mayors of the [[Municipal Borough of Walthamstow]] in Essex, with Eliza becoming mayor in 1941.<ref>{{cite web |last=Binns |first=Daniel |title=HISTORY: Keith Richards's Walthamstow roots |url=http://www.thisislocallondon.co.uk/indepth/features/9834320.HISTORY__Keith_Richards_s_Walthamstow_roots/ |url-status=live |website=[[This Is Local London]] |date=24 July 2012 |access-date=23 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822024527/http://www.thisislocallondon.co.uk/indepth/features/9834320.HISTORY__Keith_Richards_s_Walthamstow_roots/ |archive-date=22 August 2016}}</ref>{{sfn|Bockris|2003|p=18}} His great-grandfather's family originated from [[Wales]].{{sfn|Bockris|2003|p=17-18}}<ref name="pirate">{{cite news |last=Rowland |first=Paul |title=Exhibition of Welsh pirate portrait based on Rolling Stone |url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/tm_headline=exhibition-of-welsh-pirate-portrait-based-on-rolling-stone&method=full&objectid=18011959&siteid=50082-name_page.html |access-date=24 January 2011 |newspaper=[[Western Mail (Wales)|Western Mail]] |date=30 October 2006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115035902/http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio2/soldonsong/songlibrary/indepth/satisfaction.shtml |archive-date=15 January 2009}}</ref>{{sfn|Richards|Fox|2010|p=500}}

His maternal grandfather, Augustus Theodore "Gus" Dupree, who toured Britain with a [[jazz]] [[big band]], Gus Dupree and His Boys, fostered Richards's interest in the guitar.{{sfn|Bockris|2003|p=29–30}} Richards has said that it was Dupree who gave him his first guitar.<ref>''[[Desert Island Discs]]'', [[BBC Radio 4]], 25 October 2015</ref> His grandfather "teased" the young Richards with a guitar that was on a shelf that Richards couldn't reach at the time. Finally, Dupree told Richards that if Richards could reach the guitar, he could have it.<ref name=":4">{{cite web |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/heres-the-story-of-the-first-time-keith-richards-played-the-guitar/ |title=Here's the Story of the First Time Keith Richards Played the Guitar |author=Noisey Staff |date=23 October 2015 |website=Noisey |access-date=8 January 2019}}</ref> Richards then devised all manner of ways of reaching the guitar, including putting books and cushions on a chair, until finally getting hold of the instrument, after which his grandfather taught him the rudiments of Richards's first tune, "[[Malagueña (song)|Malagueña]]".<ref name=":4" /> He worked on the number "like mad", and then his grandfather let him keep the guitar, which he called "the prize of the century". Richards played at home, listening to recordings by [[Billie Holiday]], [[Louis Armstrong]], [[Duke Ellington]], and others.{{sfn|Bockris|2003|p=33}} His father, on the other hand, disparaged his son's musical enthusiasm.{{sfn|St. Michael|1994|p=75}} One of Richards's first guitar heroes was Elvis's guitarist [[Scotty Moore]].{{sfn|Richards|Fox|2010|p=72}}

Richards attended [[Wentworth Primary School]] with [[Mick Jagger]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/the-rolling-stones-119-1238187 |title=Spot where The Rolling Stones' Mick Jagger and Keith Richards met to be marked with plaque |last=Stevens |first=Jenny |date=16 December 2013 |website=[[NME]] |access-date=8 January 2019}}</ref> and was his neighbour until 1954 when the Richards and Jagger families both moved.{{sfn|Bockris|2003|p=20, 22}} From 1955 to 1959, Richards attended Dartford Technical High School for Boys. He never sat the [[eleven-plus]] due to illness.<ref>Keith Richards – My life as a Rolling Stone – 2022</ref>{{sfn|Bockris|2003|p=22}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.odwa.co.uk/archives/school_with_kr.jpg |title=Dartford and Swanley Informer |last=Wells |first=Dennis |date=6 July 1995 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002114344/http://www.odwa.co.uk/archives/school_with_kr.jpg |archive-date=2 October 2011 |url-status=bot: unknown |access-date=24 March 2018}}</ref> Recruited by Dartford Tech's choirmaster, R. W. "Jake" Clare, he sang in a trio of [[boy soprano]]s at, among other occasions, [[Westminster Abbey]] for Queen [[Elizabeth II]].{{sfn|Bockris|2003|p=27-28}} In 1959, Richards was expelled from Dartford Tech for truancy and transferred to [[Sidcup Art College]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-kent-25384381 |title=Plaque to mark Jagger-Richards meet |date=14 December 2013 |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=8 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2018/may/26/rolling-stones-london-stadium-live-review |title=Rolling Stones review – satisfaction guaranteed from rock's old stagers|last=Empire|first=Kitty |date=26 May 2018 |work=The Guardian |access-date=8 January 2019 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> where he met [[Dick Taylor]].{{sfn|Bockris|2003|p=30}}{{sfn|Rej|2006|p=263}} At Sidcup, he was diverted from his studies proper and devoted more time to playing guitar with other students in the boys' room. At this point, Richards had learned most of [[Chuck Berry]]'s solos.{{sfn|Bockris|2003|p=34-35}}[[File:Keith-Richards-1965.jpg|thumb|upright|Richards in 1965]]

Richards met Jagger again by chance on a train platform when Jagger was heading for classes at the [[London School of Economics]].{{sfn|Bockris|2003|p=38}} The mail-order [[rhythm and blues]] albums from [[Chess Records]] by Chuck Berry and [[Muddy Waters]] that Jagger was carrying revealed a mutual interest<ref>{{cite web |title=Keith Richards – The Origin Of The Species – Media Centre |publisher=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/proginfo/2016/30/keith-richards-the-origin-of-the-species |access-date=28 July 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160727020004/http://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/proginfo/2016/30/keith-richards-the-origin-of-the-species |archive-date=27 July 2016}}</ref><ref>"I'm looking at this guy and I..., I know you, what you've got under your arm is worth robbing" {{cite web |title=Keith Richards – The Origin of the Species (Julien Temple) – BBC Two |publisher=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b07m8n2v |access-date=28 July 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160726065423/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b07m8n2v |archive-date=26 July 2016}}</ref> and led to a renewal of their friendship. Along with mutual friend Dick Taylor, Jagger was singing in an amateur band, Little Boy Blue and the Blue Boys, which Richards soon joined.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/100-greatest-guitarists-david-frickes-picks-146383/ |title=Keith Richards |last=Fricke |first=David |date=3 December 2010 |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |access-date=8 January 2019|url-access=limited}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-kent-15333771 |title=When Mick met Keith |date=17 October 2011 |work=BBC News |access-date=8 January 2019}}</ref> The Blue Boys folded when [[Brian Jones]], after sharing thoughts on their joint interest in the blues music, invited Mick and Keith to the Bricklayers Arms pub, where they then met [[Ian Stewart (musician)|Ian Stewart]].<ref>''It's Only Rock 'n' Roll, The Ultimate Guide to the Rolling Stones'', James Karnbach and Carol Bernson, Facts on File Inc., New York, NY., 1997</ref><ref>Ian Stewart Interview by Lisa Robinson, ''Creem'' Magazine, June 1976</ref>

By mid-1962, Richards had left Sidcup Art College<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2009/apr/19/art-schools |title=So, what did you learn at school today: do art colleges still produce inventive pop stars |last=Hodgkinson |first=Will |date=18 April 2009 |work=The Guardian |access-date=8 January 2019 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> to devote himself to music, and moved into a London flat with Jagger and Jones. His parents divorced at about the same time, resulting in his staying close to his mother and remaining [[Family estrangement|estranged]] from his father until 1982.{{sfn|Bockris|2003|p=327-328}}

After [[the Rolling Stones]] signed to [[Decca Records]] in 1963, the band's manager, [[Andrew Loog Oldham]], dropped the ''s'' from Richards's surname, believing that '''Keith Richard''', in his words, "looked more pop",{{sfn|Bockris|2003|p=63}} and that it would echo the name of the British rock and roll singer [[Cliff Richard]].<ref>{{harvnb|Davis|2001|p=58}}; {{harvnb|Salewicz|2001|p=58}}; {{harvnb|Egan|2006|p=23}}; {{harvnb|Jucha|2019|p=14}}</ref> During the late 1970s, Richards re-established the ''s'' in his surname.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/nov/13/rolling-stones-some-girls-interview |title=The Rolling Stones: that 50-year itch |last=Day |first=Elizabeth |date=13 November 2011 |work=[[The Observer]] |access-date=10 March 2019 |issn=0029-7712}}</ref>