Editing Katy Jurado (section)

== Life and career ==

=== 1924–1943: Childhood and Early years ===
María Cristina Estela Marcela Jurado García, known from early childhood as "Katy", was born on 16 January 1924, in [[Mexico City]] Mexico,<ref name="ReferenceA">{{harvnb|Arnáiz|page=8}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Muñoz Castillo|page=6,8}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|González Rubio|García Riera|1999|pages=16–18}}</ref> the daughter of Luis Jurado Ochoa, a lawyer, and Vicenta García, a singer. Jurado's younger brothers were Luis Raúl and Óscar Sergio.
Her mother was a singer who worked for the Mexican radio station [[XEW-AM|XEW]] (the oldest radio station in Latin America). Her mother was sister of Mexican musician Belisario de Jesús García, author of popular Mexican songs such as ''Las Cuatro Milpas''. Jurado's cousin [[Emilio Portes Gil]] was President of Mexico (1928–1930).<ref name="ReferenceA">{{harvnb|Arnáiz|page=8}}</ref>

Jurado lived her first years and studied at a school run by nuns in the [[Guadalupe Inn]] neighborhood of Mexico City. She later studied to be a bilingual secretary. She wanted to study law and become a lawyer.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{harvnb|Arnáiz|page=8}}</ref> Her singular beauty drew attention since she was a teenager, and she was invited to work as an actress by producers and filmmakers, among them [[Emilio Fernández]] (one of the most prominent Mexican filmmakers at that time) who offered her a role in his first movie ''The Isle of Passion'' (1941). Although her godfather was Mexican actor [[Pedro Armendáriz]], her parents never gave their consent.<ref name="harvnb|Muñoz Castillo|page=16">{{harvnb|Muñoz Castillo|page=16}}</ref>

Another filmmaker interested in her was Mauricio de la Serna who offered her a role in the film ''No matarás'' (1943).<ref name="Childhood">{{cite news|url=https://elpais.com/cultura/2018/01/16/actualidad/1516086831_222387.html|title=Katy Jurado, la bella mexicana de los papeles complicados en Hollywood|first=López|last=Alberto|date=16 January 2018|access-date=12 May 2018|language=es|work=[[El País]]}}</ref> She signed the contract without authorization from her parents, and when they found out, they threatened to send her to a boarding school in [[Monterrey]]. Around this time, she met the aspiring actor Víctor Velázquez and married him soon afterward. Her marriage was largely motivated by the desire to continue a career as an actress and to escape the yoke of her parents.<ref>{{harvnb|Arnáiz|pages=23–24}}</ref> Velazquez was the father of her children, Victor Hugo and Sandra. The marriage ended in 1943, shortly after Jurado began her film career.

=== 1943-1951: First Mexican films ===

Jurado debuted as an actress in the Mexican film ''No matarás'' (1943). From that moment on, her acting talent, but above all her exotic beauty and sensual appeal, gave her the opportunity to work in numerous films. She specialized in playing wicked and seductive women.<ref name="FemmeFatale" /> Jurado said:

{{cquote|I knew that my body was provocative, but also that I was not beautiful, although yes, I admit, my physique was different and very sensual.<ref name="Childhood" />}}

She appeared in 16 more films over the next seven years in what film historians have named the [[Golden Age of Mexican cinema]]. She acted with acclaimed Mexican film stars such as [[Pedro Infante]], [[Sara Montiel]], [[Pedro Armendáriz]] and others. In 1953, she starred in [[Luis Buñuel]]'s film ''[[El Bruto]]'', for which she received an [[Ariel Award for Best Supporting Actress]], Mexico's equivalent of an [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]].{{citation needed|date= October 2022}}

=== 1951–1968: Success in Hollywood ===
[[File:Kelly-Cooper-Jurado.jpg|thumb|right|Jurado (black dress) [[Grace Kelly]] and [[Gary Cooper]] in ''[[High Noon]]'' (1952)]]

In addition to acting, Jurado worked as a movie columnist, radio reporter, and bullfight critic to support her family.<ref name="Porter, Darwin" /> She was on assignment when filmmaker [[Budd Boetticher]] and actor [[John Wayne]] spotted her at a bullfight. Neither knew she was an actress. However, Boetticher, who was also a professional bullfighter, cast Jurado in his 1951 film ''[[Bullfighter and the Lady]]'', opposite [[Gilbert Roland]], as the wife of an aging matador. She was not interested in working in American films but accepted because the film would be shot in Mexico. She had rudimentary English language skills and memorized and delivered her lines phonetically. Despite this limitation, her strong performance brought her to the attention of Hollywood producer [[Stanley Kramer]], who cast her in the classic Western ''[[High Noon]]'' (1952), starring [[Gary Cooper]] and [[Grace Kelly]]. Jurado learned to speak English for the role, studying and taking classes two hours per day for two months. She played saloon owner Helen Ramírez, former love of reluctant hero Cooper's Will Kane. She earned a [[Golden Globe Award]] for Best Supporting Actress and gained notice in the American movie industry.<ref name="Ruiz & Sánchez Korrol">{{harvnb|Ruiz|Sánchez Korrol|2006|p=358}}</ref>

[[File:Heston-Jurado-Arrowhead.jpg|thumb|left|Jurado with [[Charlton Heston]] in ''[[Arrowhead (1953 film)|Arrowhead]]'' (1953)]]
From the success of the film, Jurado began working on numerous American films, most of them in the [[Western (genre)|Western]] genre. In 1953, she had a role in ''[[San Antone (film)|San Antone]]'', directed by [[Joseph Kane]] and opposite [[Rod Cameron (actor)|Rod Cameron]]. In the same year, she had a role in ''[[Arrowhead (1953 film)|Arrowhead]]'' with [[Charlton Heston]] and [[Jack Palance]], playing an evil [[Comanche]] woman, the love interest of Heston's character.

In 1954, actress [[Dolores del Río]] was accused of being a communist sympathizer at the height of the [[McCarthyism|McCarthy era]], and the U.S. government refused permission for her to work in the film ''[[Broken Lance]]'', directed by [[Edward Dmytryk]] and where she was going to interpret [[Spencer Tracy]]'s Comanche wife. Jurado was selected for the role despite the resistance of the studio because of her youth.<ref name="Ruiz & Sánchez Korrol" /> After viewing footage of her scenes, studio executives were impressed.<ref name="González Rubio 1999 pages=25–26">{{harvnb|González Rubio|García Riera|1999|pages=25–26}}</ref> Her performance garnered an [[Academy Award]] nomination. Jurado was the first Latin American actress to compete for the Oscar.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mexico.mx/en/articles/mexicans-nominated-oscar |title=''Mexico.mx: Oscar-Nominated Mexicans'' |access-date=5 May 2019 |archive-date=5 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505035355/https://www.mexico.mx/en/articles/mexicans-nominated-oscar |url-status=dead }}</ref>
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In the same year, Jurado appeared with [[Kirk Douglas]] in the [[Henry Hathaway]] film ''[[The Racers]]''. In 1955, Jurado filmed ''[[Trial (1955 film)|Trial]]'', directed by [[Mark Robson (film director)|Mark Robson]], with [[Glenn Ford]]. It was a drama about a Mexican boy accused of raping a white girl, with Jurado playing the mother of the accused. For this role, she was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress.<ref>{{harvnb|Terán|pages=58–59}}</ref> In the same year, she traveled to Italy for the filming of ''[[Trapeze (film)|Trapeze]]'', directed by [[Carol Reed]], with [[Burt Lancaster]] and [[Tony Curtis]]. On set, Jurado had severe friction with the film's other female star, actress [[Gina Lollobrigida]].<ref name="harvnb|Muñoz Castillo|page=16"/>

Despite the fact that she always stated that acting in the theater did not please her, in 1956, Jurado debuted on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] in the play ''[[Filumena Marturano|The Best House in Naples]]'' (1956), by [[Eduardo de Filippo]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1956/10/26/archives/premiere-tonight-for-herbert-play-best-house-in-naples-will-be-seen.html | title=Premiere Tonight for Herbert Play; 'Best House in Naples' Will Be Seen at Lyceum Before Nov. 8 Scheduled Date | first=Sam | last=Zolotow | newspaper=The New York Times | date=26 October 1956 | page=33 | accessdate=20 October 2021 }}</ref>

In 1956, she participated in the film ''[[Man from Del Rio]]'' (1956), opposite [[Anthony Quinn]], one of the few Hollywood movies to have Mexican actors as main stars.<ref name="González Rubio 1999 pages=25–26"/> Later she acted in Westerns ''[[Dragoon Wells Massacre]]'' (1957) with [[Barry Sullivan (actor)|Barry Sullivan]], and ''[[The Badlanders]]'' (1958), with [[Alan Ladd]] and [[Ernest Borgnine]]. In 1957, she debuted on television with a guest appearance in an episode of ''[[Playhouse 90]]''. In 1959, she acted for the first time under [[Sam Peckinpah]]'s direction in an episode of ''[[The Rifleman]]''. In 1962 she appeared as the historical character [[Maria Gertrudis Barceló|La Tules]] in an episode of ''[[Death Valley Days]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0556648/?ref_=ttep_ep15|title=La Tules on ''Death Valley Days''|publisher=[[Internet Movie Database]]|access-date=31 December 2018}}</ref>
[[File:Spencer_Tracy_Katy_jurado_broken_lance1.jpg|thumb|right|[[Spencer Tracy]] and Katy Jurado in ''[[Broken Lance]]'' (1954)]]
[[File:One-Eyed Jacks 1961 (13).jpg|thumb|Jurado (left) and Pina Pellicer being hugged by [[Karl Malden]] while they stare at [[Marlon Brando]] in ''[[One-Eyed Jacks]]'' (1961)]]

In 1959, [[Marlon Brando]], with whom Jurado maintained a close friendship, invited her to participate in ''[[One-Eyed Jacks]]'', his first film as director. After marrying Ernest Borgnine, they founded their own production company called Sanvio Corp. The couple traveled to Italy where they partnered with the producer [[Dino de Laurentiis]] in ''[[Barabbas (1961 film)|Barabbas]]'' (where both acted with Anthony Quinn) and ''I briganti Italiani'', directed by [[Mario Camerini]].

In 1961, Jurado returned to Mexico and filmed ''[[La Bandida]]'' (1963) where she shared credits with Pedro Armendáriz and the temperamental Mexican actress [[María Félix]], with whom Jurado had friction on the set.<ref name="Katy Jurado became an enemy of María Félix, in Milenio (In Spanish).">{{cite web |title=Katy Jurado became an enemy of María Félix |date=19 January 2023 |url=https://www.milenio.com/espectaculos/famosos/asi-katy-jurado-humillo-a-maria-felix-enemigas |access-date=21 April 2023}}</ref> Her stormy marriage with Borgnine ended in 1963. Depressed, Jurado returned to Mexico and established her residence in the city of Cuernavaca; however, she decided to alternate her work with films between Mexico and the United States.
In 1965, Jurado returned to Hollywood for the film ''[[Smoky (1966 film)|Smoky]]'', directed by [[George Sherman]], starring [[Fess Parker]]. In 1966, she played the mother of [[George Maharis]]'s character in ''[[A Covenant with Death]]''. In 1968, she appeared in the film ''[[Stay Away, Joe]]'' in the role of the half-[[Apache]] stepmother of [[Elvis Presley]]'s character.<ref name="Ruiz & Sánchez Korrol" />

=== 1970–2002: Later years ===
In the next years, Jurado alternated her work between Hollywood and Mexico. In 1970, she filmed ''[[The Bridge in the Jungle]]'' opposite [[John Huston]]. In 1973, she appeared in ''[[Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid]]'', directed by [[Sam Peckinpah]].

Jurado received one of her better dramatic roles in the third of the three short stories comprising the Mexican film ''[[Fé, Esperanza y Caridad]]'' (1973). Directed by [[Jorge Fons]], Jurado was cast as a lower-class woman who suffers a series of bureaucratic abuses as she tries to claim the remains of her dead husband. For this performance, she won the [[Ariel Award for Best Actress]], her second [[Silver Ariel]] Award of the Mexican Cinema.<ref>{{harvnb|González Rubio|García Riera|1999|pages=32–3}}</ref> In the same year, Jurado starred on Broadway again in the [[Tennessee Williams]] play ''[[The Red Devil Battery Sign]]'' with Anthony Quinn and [[Claire Bloom]].

In 1974, Jurado appeared in the American film ''[[Once Upon a Scoundrel]]'' (1974) opposite the comedian [[Zero Mostel]]. In 1975, she participated in the Mexican film ''[[Los albañiles]]'', again directed by Jorge Fons. The film was awarded the [[Golden Bear]] of the [[Berlinale 1975]]. In 1976, she played the role of Chuchupe in the film ''Pantaleón y Las Visitadoras'', an adaptation of the novel ''[[Captain Pantoja and the Special Service]]'' by [[Mario Vargas Llosa]], who also directed the film. However, the filming of this movie turned into a disaster due to the differences between Jurado and Vargas Llosa. Vargas Llosa fired Jurado from the film, and she sued him legally.<ref name='Mario Vargas Llosa and "The Hurricane" Katy Jurado., in LuisMiguelRomero.net (In Spanish).'>{{cite web |last1=Romero |first1=Luis Miguel |title=Mario Vargas Llosa and "The Hurricane" Katy Jurado. |date=24 August 2021 |url=https://mromero19862.wixsite.com/misitio-1/post/mario-vargas-llosa-y-el-hurac%C3%A1n-katy-jurado |access-date=21 April 2023}}</ref>

In 1978, she played a small role in the film ''[[The Children of Sanchez (film)|The Children of Sanchez]]'', where she shares credits with Anthony Quinn and Dolores del Río. In 1980, Jurado filmed ''[[Seduction (1981 film)|La Seducción]]'', directed by [[Arturo Ripstein]], for which she was nominated for another Ariel Award for Best Actress.

In 1981, her son Victor Hugo died tragically in an accident on a highway near Monterrey while she was filming a movie in Mexico City. This tragedy plunged her into a deep depression that she could never overcome and led her to abandon her acting career for a few years. In 1984, John Huston convinced her to resume her career as an actress. She acted in Huston's film ''[[Under the Volcano (1984 film)|Under the Volcano]]''. In the same year, she co-starred in the short-lived television series ''[[a.k.a. Pablo]]'', a sitcom with [[Paul Rodriguez (actor)|Paul Rodriguez]].

In the 1990s, Jurado appeared in two Mexican [[telenovelas]]. In 1998, she completed a Spanish-language film for director [[Arturo Ripstein]] titled ''[[El Evangelio de las Maravillas]]''. She won her second [[Ariel Award for Best Supporting Actress]] for this role.<ref name="Ruiz & Sánchez Korrol" />

Jurado had a cameo in the film ''[[The Hi-Lo Country]]'' (1998) by [[Stephen Frears]], who called her his "lucky charm" for his first Western.<ref>{{harvnb|González Rubio|García Riera|1999|page=33}}</ref>

In 2002, she made her final film appearance in ''[[Un secreto de Esperanza]]''. The film was released posthumously.