Editing Karlheinz Stockhausen (section)

==Biography==

===Childhood===
Stockhausen was born in [[Mödrath#Alt-Mödrath (Old Mödrath)|Burg Mödrath]], the "castle" of the village of Mödrath. The village, located near [[Kerpen]] in the [[Cologne]] region, was displaced in 1956 to make way for [[lignite]] strip mining, but the castle itself still stands. Despite its name, the building is more a manor house than a castle. Built in 1830 by a local businessman named Arend, it was called by locals ''Burg Mödrath''. From 1925 to 1932 it was the maternity home of the [[Rhein-Erft-Kreis|Bergheim district]], and after the war it served for a time as a shelter for war refugees. In 1950, the owners, the Düsseldorf chapter of the [[Sovereign Military Order of Malta|Knights of Malta]], turned it into an orphanage, but it was subsequently returned to private ownership and became a private residence again.{{sfn|Anon.|n.d.}}{{sfn|Anon.|1950}} In 2017, an anonymous patron purchased the house and opened it in April 2017 as an exhibition space for modern art, with the first floor to be used as the permanent home of the museum of the [[Studio for Electronic Music (WDR)|WDR Electronic Music Studio]], where Stockhausen had worked from 1953 until shortly before WDR closed the studio in 2000.{{sfn|Bos|2017}}

His father, Simon Stockhausen, was a [[schoolteacher]], and his mother Gertrud (née Stupp) was the daughter of a prosperous family of farmers in Neurath in the [[Cologne Bight]]. A daughter, Katherina, was born the year after Karlheinz, and a second son, Hermann-Josef ("Hermännchen") followed in 1932. Gertrud played the piano and accompanied her own singing but, after three pregnancies in as many years, experienced a mental breakdown and was [[Psychiatric hospital|institutionalized]] in December 1932, followed a few months later by the death of her younger son, Hermann.{{sfn|Kurtz|1992|loc=8, 11, 13}}

[[File:Altenberger Dom 1925.jpg|thumb|[[Altenberger Dom]], c.&nbsp;1925, where Stockhausen had his first music lessons]]
From the age of seven, Stockhausen lived in [[Altenberg (Bergisches Land)|Altenberg]], where he received his first piano lessons from the Protestant [[organist]] of the [[Altenberger Dom]], Franz-Josef Kloth.{{sfn|Kurtz|1992|loc=14}} In 1938, his father remarried. His new wife, Luzia, had been the family's housekeeper. The couple had two daughters.{{sfn|Kurtz|1992|loc=18}} Because his relationship with his new stepmother was less than happy, in January 1942 Karlheinz became a boarder at the teachers' training college in [[Xanten]], where he continued his piano training and also studied oboe and violin.{{sfn|Kurtz|1992|loc=18}} In 1941, he learned that his mother had died, ostensibly from leukemia, although everyone at the same hospital had supposedly died of the same disease. It was generally understood that she had been a victim of the Nazi policy of killing "[[Action T4#Killing of adults|useless eaters]]".{{sfn|Stockhausen|1989a|loc=20–21}}{{sfn|Kurtz|1992|loc=19}} The official letter to the family falsely claimed she had died 16 June 1941, but recent research by Lisa Quernes, a student at the Landesmusikgymnasium in [[Montabaur]], has determined that she was murdered in the gas chamber, along with 89 other people, at the [[Hadamar Killing Facility]] in Hesse-Nassau on 27 May 1941.{{sfn|Anon.|2014}} Stockhausen dramatized his mother's death in hospital by lethal injection, in Act 1 scene 2 ("[[Donnerstag aus Licht#Scene 2: Mondeva|Mondeva]]") of the opera ''[[Donnerstag aus Licht]]''.{{sfn|Kurtz|1992|loc=213}}

In late 1944, Stockhausen was conscripted to serve as a stretcher bearer in [[Bedburg]].{{sfn|Kurtz|1992|loc=18}} In February 1945, he met his father for the last time in Altenberg. Simon, who was on leave from the front, told his son, "I'm not coming back. Look after things." By the end of the war, his father was regarded as missing in action, and may have been killed in Hungary.{{sfn|Kurtz|1992|loc=19}} A comrade later reported to Karlheinz that he saw his father wounded in action.{{sfn|Maconie|2005|loc=19}} Fifty-five years after the fact, a journalist writing for ''[[The Guardian]]'' stated that Simon Stockhausen was killed in Hungary in 1945.{{sfn|O'Mahony|2001}}<!--O'Mahony almost certainly relied on Kurtz, but simplified his account and removed the uncertainties, as journalists are prone to do. Still, O'Mahony does not cite his sources, so maybe he knew things that no-one, including Stockhausen himself, knew. A pity he offered no evidence.-->

===Education===
From 1947 to 1951, Stockhausen studied music [[pedagogy]] and piano at the [[Hochschule für Musik Köln]] (Cologne Conservatory of Music) and [[musicology]], philosophy, and [[German studies]] at the [[University of Cologne]]. He had training in [[harmony]] and [[counterpoint]], the latter with [[Hermann Schroeder]], but he did not develop a real interest in [[Musical composition|composition]] until 1950. He was admitted at the end of that year to the class of Swiss composer [[Frank Martin (composer)|Frank Martin]], who had just begun a seven-year tenure in Cologne.{{sfn|Kurtz|1992|loc=28}} At the [[Darmstädter Ferienkurse]] in 1951, Stockhausen met Belgian composer [[Karel Goeyvaerts]], who had just completed studies with [[Olivier Messiaen]] (analysis) and [[Darius Milhaud]] (composition) in Paris, and Stockhausen resolved to do likewise.{{sfn|Kurtz|1992|loc=34–36}} He arrived in Paris on 8 January 1952 and began attending Messiaen's courses in aesthetics and analysis, as well as Milhaud's composition classes. He continued with Messiaen for a year, but he was disappointed with Milhaud and abandoned his lessons after a few weeks.{{sfn|Kurtz|1992|loc=45–48}} In March 1953, he left Paris to take up a position as assistant to [[Herbert Eimert]] at the newly established [[Studio for Electronic Music (WDR)|Electronic Music Studio]] of [[Nordwestdeutscher Rundfunk]] (NWDR) (from 1 January 1955, [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk]], or WDR) in Cologne.{{sfn|Kurtz|1992|loc=56–57}} In 1963, he succeeded Eimert as director of the studio.{{sfn|Morawska-Büngeler|1988|loc=19}} From 1954 to 1956, he studied phonetics, acoustics, and information theory with [[Werner Meyer-Eppler]] at the [[University of Bonn]].{{sfn|Kurtz|1992|loc=68–72}} Together with Eimert, Stockhausen edited the journal ''[[Die Reihe]]'' from 1955 to 1962.{{sfn|Grant|2001|loc=1–2}}

===Career and adult life===

====Family and home====
[[File:St. im Garten Mai 2005 RGB.jpg|thumb|Stockhausen in the garden of his home in Kürten, 2005]]
On 29 December 1951, in Hamburg, Stockhausen married [[Doris Stockhausen|Doris Andreae]].{{sfn|Kurtz|1992|loc=45}}{{sfn|Maconie|2005|loc=47}} Together they had four children: Suja (b. 1953), Christel (b. 1956), [[Markus Stockhausen|Markus]] (b. 1957), and Majella (b. 1961).{{sfn|Kurtz|1992|loc=90}}{{sfn|Tannenbaum|1987|loc=94}} They were divorced in 1965.{{sfn|Rathert|2013}} On 3 April 1967, in San Francisco, he married [[Mary Bauermeister]], with whom he had two children: Julika (b. 22 January 1966) and [[Simon Stockhausen|Simon]] (b. 1967).{{sfn|Kurtz|1992|loc=141, 149}}{{sfn|Tannenbaum|1987|loc=95}} They were divorced in 1972.{{sfn|Rathert|2013}}<ref name=biography />

Four of Stockhausen's children became professional musicians,{{sfn|Kurtz|1992|loc=202}} and he composed some of his works specifically for them. A large number of pieces for the trumpet—from ''[[Sirius (Stockhausen)|Sirius]]'' (1975–77) to the trumpet version of ''[[In Freundschaft]]'' (1997)—were composed for and premièred by his son Markus.{{sfn|Kurtz|1992|loc=208}}{{sfn|M. Stockhausen|1998|loc=13–16}}{{sfn|Tannenbaum|1987|loc=61}} Markus, at the age of 4 years, had performed the part of The Child in the Cologne première of ''[[Originale]]'', alternating performances with his sister Christel.{{sfn|Maconie|2005|loc=220}} ''Klavierstück XII'' and ''Klavierstück XIII'' (and their versions as scenes from the operas ''Donnerstag aus Licht'' and ''[[Samstag aus Licht]]'') were written for his daughter Majella, and were first performed by her at the ages of 16 and 20, respectively.{{sfn|Maconie|2005|loc=430, 443}}{{sfn|Stockhausen ''Texte''|loc=5:190, 255, 274}}{{sfn|Stockhausen ''Texte''|loc=6:64, 373}} The saxophone duet in the second act of ''Donnerstag aus Licht'', and a number of synthesizer parts in the ''Licht'' operas, including ''Klavierstück XV'' ("Synthi-Fou") from ''[[Dienstag aus Licht|Dienstag]]'', were composed for his son Simon,{{sfn|Kurtz|1992|loc=222}}{{sfn|Maconie|2005|loc=480, 489}}{{sfn|Stockhausen ''Texte''|loc=5:186, 529}} who also assisted his father in the production of the electronic music from ''[[Freitag aus Licht]]''. His daughter Christel is a flautist who performed and gave a course on interpretation of ''Tierkreis'' in 1977,{{sfn|Stockhausen ''Texte''|loc=5:105}} later published as an article.{{sfn|C. Stockhausen|1978}}

In 1961, Stockhausen acquired a parcel of land in the vicinity of [[Kürten]], a village east of Cologne, near [[Bergisch Gladbach]] in the [[Bergisches Land]]. He had a house built there, which was designed to his specifications by the architect Erich Schneider-Wessling, and he resided there from its completion in the autumn of 1965.{{sfn|Kurtz|1992|loc=116–117, 137–138}}

====Teaching====
[[File:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F004566-0002, Darmstadt, Internationaler Kurs für neue Musik.jpg|thumb|Stockhausen lecturing at the 12th [[Darmstädter Ferienkurse|International Summer Courses for New Music]] in Darmstadt, 1957]]
After lecturing at the [[Darmstädter Ferienkurse|Internationale Ferienkurse für Neue Musik]] at Darmstadt (first in 1953), Stockhausen gave lectures and concerts in Europe, North America, and Asia.{{sfn|Stockhausen-Verlag|2010|loc=2, 14–15}} He was guest professor of composition at the [[University of Pennsylvania]] in 1965 and at the [[University of California, Davis]] in 1966–67.{{sfn|Kramer|1998}}{{sfn|Stockhausen-Verlag|2010|loc=2–3}} He founded and directed the Cologne Courses for New Music from 1963 to 1968, and was appointed Professor of Composition at the Hochschule für Musik Köln in 1971, where he taught until 1977.{{sfn|Kurtz|1992|loc=126–128, 194}}{{sfn|Stockhausen-Verlag|2010|loc=3}} In 1998, he founded the Stockhausen Courses, which are held annually in Kürten.{{sfn|Stockhausen-Verlag|2010|loc=6–9, 15}}

====Publishing activities====
From the mid-1950s onward, Stockhausen designed (and in some cases arranged to have printed) his own musical scores for his publisher, [[Universal Edition]], which often involved unconventional devices. The score for his piece ''Refrain'', for instance, includes a rotatable ([[refrain]]) on a transparent plastic strip. Early in the 1970s, he ended his agreement with Universal Edition and began publishing his own scores under the Stockhausen-Verlag imprint.{{sfn|Kurtz|1992|loc=184}} This arrangement allowed him to extend his notational innovations (for example, dynamics in ''Weltparlament'' [the first scene of ''[[Mittwoch aus Licht]]''] are coded in colour) and resulted in eight German Music Publishers Society Awards between 1992 (''Luzifers Tanz'') and 2005 (''Hoch-Zeiten'', from ''Sonntag aus Licht'').{{sfn|Stockhausen-Verlag|2010|loc=12–13}} The ''Momente'' score, published just before Stockhausen's death in 2007, won this prize for the ninth time.{{sfn|Deutscher Musikeditionspreis|2009}}

In the early 1990s, Stockhausen reacquired the licenses to most of the recordings of his music he had made to that point, and started his own record company to make this music permanently available on Compact Disc.{{sfn|Maconie|2005|loc=477–478}}

===Death===
[[File:Kürten - Waldfriedhof - Stockhausen 01 ies.jpg|thumb|Stockhausen's grave, Waldfriedhof, Kürten]]
[[File:Karlheinz Stockhausens Grab Rückseite.jpg|thumb|Grave monument (rear view)]]
Stockhausen died of sudden heart failure on the morning of 5 December 2007 in [[Kürten]], North Rhine-Westphalia. The night before, he had finished a recently commissioned work for performance by the [[Mozart Orchestra]] of Bologna.{{sfn|Bäumer|2007}} He was 79 years old.