Editing Karl Mannheim (section)

== Biography ==

=== Childhood and education ===
Karl Mannheim was born 27 March 1893 in [[Budapest]], to a Hungarian father, a textile merchant, and German mother, both of [[Jewish]] descent.<ref>David Kettler and Volker Meja, "Karl Mannheim's Jewish Question" in ''Religions'' 2012, 3, p. 231</ref> His early education was in that city, he studied philosophy and literature at the [[University of Budapest]], though he also went to Berlin (where he studied with [[Georg Simmel]]) and Paris to further his education, returning to Hungary around the start of the [[First World War]]. He obtained a PhD from the University of Budapest, and further qualifications from the [[University of Heidelberg]].

=== Academic career ===
During the War he was involved in a number of influential intellectual circles: the [[Galileo Circle]] founded by [[Karl Polanyi]] in which [[Michael Polanyi]] also participated, the Social Science Association organised by [[Oszkár Jászi|Oscar Jászi]], and the [[Sonntagskreis]] or 'Sunday Circle' led by [[György Lukács]].<ref>Kettler, D. (1971) ‘Culture and revolution’, ''Telos'', 10, pp35-92.</ref> In the brief period of the [[Hungarian Soviet Republic]], in 1919, Mannheim taught in the Pedagogical Institute of the University of Budapest thanks to the patronage of his friend and mentor Lukács,<ref>Karácsony, A. (2008). "Soul–life–knowledge: The young Mannheim's way to sociology", ''Studies in East European Thought.'' 60 (1/2), pp. 97-115.</ref> whose political conversion to communism he did not share.<ref name="Longhurst">Longhurst, Brian (1989). ''Karl Mannheim and the Contemporary Sociology of Knowledge'', New York: St Martins Press, pp. 1-197.</ref> Both Mannheim and Lukács were forced into exile after the rise of [[Horthy]] as Regent of Hungary.  Mannheim chose exile in Germany and was there from 1920 to 1933.<ref name="Sica">Kettler, D., Meja, V., and Stehr, N. (1984) ''Karl Mannheim'', London, Tavistock.</ref>

In 1921, he married psychologist Juliska Károlyné Lang, better known as Julia Lang.<ref name="Longhurst" /> Though she is often unacknowledged, Lang collaborated with Mannheim on many of his works, and along with a number of Mannheim's students, put together many of his works to be published posthumously.<ref name="Sica" />

After an unsuccessful attempt to gain a sponsor to teach philosophy in Heidelberg, Mannheim began work in 1924 under the German sociologist [[Alfred Weber]], the brother of well-known sociologist [[Max Weber]], and [[Emil Lederer]].<ref>Werner, S. (1967). "Karl Mannheim", ''Encyclopedia of Philosophy'', pp. 1.</ref> In 1926, Mannheim had his [[habilitation]] accepted by the faculty of social sciences, thus satisfying the requirements to teach classes in sociology at Heidelberg. Mannheim was chosen over other competitors for the post, one of whom was [[Walter Benjamin]]. From 1929 to 1933, he served as a professor of sociology and political economy at the [[Goethe University Frankfurt]].<ref name="Sica" /><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Karl Mannheim: Revision of an Intellectual Portrait|journal=Social Forces|volume=40|issue=1|pages=23–30|jstor=2573467|last1 = Remmling|first1 = Gunter W.|year=1961|doi=10.2307/2573467}}</ref> [[Norbert Elias]] and Hans Gerth worked as his assistants from spring 1930 until spring 1933, with Elias as the senior partner. [[Greta Kuckhoff]], who later became a prominent figure in the DDR, was his administrative assistant in Frankfurt, leaving early in 1933 to study at the [[London School of Economics]] (LSE) and prepare for Mannheim's emigration there.<ref>Bernd-Rainer Barth, Helmut Müller-Enbergs: [http://stiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363%3B-1424.html?ID=1943 Biographische Datenbanken: Kuckhoff, Greta]{{Dead link|date=February 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Bundesunmittelbare Stiftung des öffentlichen Rechts. ''Wer war wer in der DDR?'', 5th edition, Volume 1 Ch. Links Verlag, Berlin (2010). {{ISBN|978-3-86153-561-4}} {{in lang|de}}</ref>

In 1933, Mannheim was ousted from his professorship under the terms of the anti-Semitic law to purge the civil service and was forced into exile.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Fifty Key Sociologists: The Formative Theorists|last=Scott|first=John|publisher=Taylor & Francis Books|year=2007|location=Cornwall|pages=81}}</ref> After fleeing the [[Nazi]] regime and settling in Britain, Mannheim became a lecturer in sociology at the [[London School of Economics]], under a program to assist academic exiles.<ref name="Sica" />

In 1941, [[Sir Fred Clarke]], Director of the [[Institute of Education]] at the [[University of London]], invited him to teach sociology at the institute on a part-time basis in conjunction with his declining role at LSE under wartime conditions. In January 1946 he was appointed as the first sociology professor at the Institute of Education, a position he held until his death in London a year later. During his time in England, Mannheim played a prominent role in '[[The Moot]]', a Christian discussion group of which T.S. Eliot was also a member, concerned with the role of religion and culture in society, which was convened by [[J. H. Oldham]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://austausche.ioe.ac.uk/History%20of%20the%20Moot.htm |title=Untitled Document |access-date=2010-01-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812012313/http://austausche.ioe.ac.uk/History%20of%20the%20Moot.htm |archive-date=2011-08-12 |url-status=dead }}</ref>  He also gained a position of influence through his editorship of the Routledge International Library of Sociology and Social Reconstruction (later the International Library of Sociology).

[[File:Karl Mannheim's ashes in Golder's Green Colombarium.JPG|thumb|Monument to Karl Mannheim in Golders Green Columbarium, part of [[Golders Green Crematorium]]|alt=|225x225px]]
Mannheim's life, one of intellectual and geographical migration, falls into three main phases: Hungarian (to 1919), German (1919–1933), British (1933–1947). Among his valued interlocutors were [[György Lukács]], [[Oszkár Jászi]], [[Georg Simmel]], [[Martin Heidegger]], [[Edmund Husserl]], [[Karl Marx]], [[Alfred Weber|Alfred]] and [[Max Weber]], [[Max Scheler]], and [[Wilhelm Dilthey]]. In his work, he sought variously to synthesize elements derived from German [[historicism]], [[Marxism]], [[Phenomenology (philosophy)|phenomenology]], [[sociology]], and Anglo-American [[pragmatism]].

===Death===
Mannheim died in London on January 9, 1947, at the age of 53 due to a congenitally weak heart.<ref name="Sica" /> Shortly before his death, he was invited to be director of [[UNESCO]], an offer he was unfortunately not able to accept.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|title=Karl Mannheim and the Sociology of Knowledge|journal=Salmagundi|issue=10/11|pages=292–302|jstor=40546528|last1 = Sagarin|first1 = Edward|last2=Kelly|first2=Robert J.|year=1969}}</ref> He was cremated at [[Golders Green Crematorium]] and his ashes were placed in the columbarium there in an urn, and later mixed with those of his wife. He was originally placed opposite [[Sigmund Freud]] as a planned pairing, but Freud was later relocated.